Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Free Essays on Roman Art And Architecture
Roman Art and Architecture, the workmanship and engineering of Rome and its domain, which at its apogee stretched out from the British Isles to the Caspian Sea. The most punctual Roman craftsmanship is for the most part connected with the oust of the Etruscan lords and the foundation of the Republic in 509 BC. The finish of Roman workmanship and the start of medieval craftsmanship is generally said to happen with the change of the sovereign Constantine to Christianity and the exchange of the capital of the realm from Rome to Constantinople in AD 330. Roman styles and even agnostic Roman subjects proceeded, in any case, for a considerable length of time, frequently in Christian appearance. Roman workmanship is generally partitioned into two fundamental periods, craft of the Republic and specialty of the Roman Empire (from 27 BC on), with developments relating to the significant rulers or magnificent lines. At the point when the Republic was established, the term Roman craftsmanship wa s basically synonymus with the specialty of the city of Rome, which despite everything bore the stamp of its Etruscan workmanship; during the most recent two centuries, strikingly that of Greece, Roman craftsmanship shook off its reliance on Etruscan craftsmanship; during the most recent two centuries before Christ a particular Roman way of building, chiseling, and tormenting developed. Never-the-less, due to the exceptional geological degree of the Roman Empire and the quantity of different populaces enveloped inside its limits, the workmanship and engineering of the Romans was consistently varied and is described by changing styles inferable from varying provincial tastes and the various inclinations of a wide scope of supporters. Roman craftsmanship isn't only the specialty of the rulers, representatives, and privileged, yet of the considerable number of people groups of Rome's tremendous domain, including white collar class businesspeople, freedmen, slaves, and fighters in Italy and the regions. Inquisitively, in spite of the fact that instances of Roman models, artworks, structures, and improving expressions make due in extraordinary numbers, barely any names of Roman craftsmen and designers are recorded. As a rule, Roman landmarks we... Free Essays on Roman Art And Architecture Free Essays on Roman Art And Architecture Roman Art and Architecture, the craftsmanship and design of Rome and its domain, which at its apogee reached out from the British Isles to the Caspian Sea. The most punctual Roman craftsmanship is for the most part connected with the oust of the Etruscan rulers and the foundation of the Republic in 509 BC. The finish of Roman workmanship and the start of medieval craftsmanship is generally said to happen with the change of the sovereign Constantine to Christianity and the exchange of the capital of the domain from Rome to Constantinople in AD 330. Roman styles and even agnostic Roman subjects proceeded, be that as it may, for a considerable length of time, frequently in Christian appearance. Roman craftsmanship is customarily separated into two primary periods, specialty of the Republic and craft of the Roman Empire (from 27 BC on), with regions comparing to the significant heads or majestic administrations. At the point when the Republic was established, the term Roman craftsmanship was for all intents and purposes synonymus with the specialty of the city of Rome, which despite everything bore the stamp of its Etruscan workmanship; during the most recent two centuries, remarkably that of Greece, Roman craftsmanship shook off its reliance on Etruscan workmanship; during the most recent two centuries before Christ a particular Roman way of building, chiseling, and tormenting developed. Never-the-less, as a result of the unprecedented land degree of the Roman Empire and the quantity of different populaces incorporated inside its limits, the workmanship and engineering of the Romans was consistently mixed and is described by fluctuating styles inferable from varying local tastes and the assorted inclinations of a wide scope of benefactors. Roman workmanship isn't only the craft of the heads, congresspersons, and nobility, however of the considerable number of people groups of Rome's huge domain, including white collar class specialists, freedmen, slaves, and troop ers in Italy and the areas. Inquisitively, in spite of the fact that instances of Roman models, canvases, structures, and brightening expressions make due in incredible numbers, barely any names of Roman craftsmen and planners are recorded. As a rule, Roman landmarks we...
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Integration Efforts in Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Incorporation Efforts in Latin America - Essay Example Impressively, a few Latin American nations were fruitful after the World War and built up logical, modern and specialized foundations, in producing authoritative and administrative limits, preparing laborers and in creating worldwide mechanical structures. The Latin American countries’ economies developed suddenly and soon they were contending with the solid economies on the planet (Balasa et al. 1986, p. 34). Local coordination has had an earth shattering duty in the plan of worldwide and productive strategies in Latin American states. Balasa et al (1986, p. 36) noticed that the origination of solidarity and combination among the Latin nations has existed since the influx of freedom developments that cleared the mainland in the mid nineteenth century. Spanish Empire Leader, Simon Bolivar, had longed for an assembled Latin America. Today, prominent advances have been made towards local joining. The achievement of the European reconciliation provoked the Latin American nations to converge to shape a territorial square. This move was confronted with advancement challenges (Iglesias, 2000, p. 24). The conversation on mix is a profound procedure depicted by endeavors to blend approaches among nations and yield domain to a supranational body. Mix is portrayed as a perpetual learning and estimate process defenseless to emergency. Capannelli et al (2009, p. 10) takes note of that joining is embodied by increasingly incorporated political, monetary and social approaches. On account of the provincial principle, reliance and underdevelopment, Latin American nations have been financially helpless. Dependence on the fares of essential fare items and the importation of produced merchandise came about to rivalry to the local enterprises which forestalled their turn of events. The joining endeavors made rose to shorten the effects of the inconsistent worldwide economy relationship. Regardless of the energy for joining, different destinations among nations, defenselessn ess to worldwide emergency and need solidarity and trust among the part states have restrained the coordination procedure (Tiefenbrun, 2012). The Latin American Integration developed after the incredible gloom after the World War. These nations needed to free themselves from the world superpower nations. With mechanical sponsorships and grandiose taxes, the Latin American nations accepted that local organizations and enterprises would have a chance to create and decrease the over reliance on made imported things (Hughes and Singh, 1991, p.78). Somewhat, Latin American incorporation succeeded and fizzled. This paper traces the disappointments and triumphs of the Latin American incorporation and the elements that caused them. Disappointments of Latin American Integration and the causes Because of the weights of the first advancing world, Latin American nations have thought of many sub-provincial mix associations (Balasa et al 1986, p. 34), on a very basic level to advance monetary rec onciliation and exchange progression. Shockingly, a large portion of them couldn't go past logical political articulations. Consequently, the vast majority of the territorial mix forms fizzled. The essential contention is that the various objectives and political frameworks by various Latin American nations achieved financial disappointment (Fishlow, 1991, p. 36). This is ascribed to local causes other than universal financial powers.
Sunday, August 9, 2020
The NY Times June Checklist Start Writing Your College Essay
The NY Times June Checklist Start Writing Your College Essay The NY Times June Checklist: Start Writing Your College Essay The NY Times June Checklist: Start Writing Your College Essay The NY Times The Choice blog recently released its June College Checklist for Juniors, and can you guess what was on the list? Thats right folks! Its officially essay time! The post suggests that June is the perfect time to begin the college essay, as the summer frees students from the added pressure of everyday school essays and projects. College counselors also noted that exiting the month with a fully polished draft in hand is not necessary, and we agree it is most important simply to start the process. Still, why not get as big a jump start on this behemoth task as possible? Summer will be more fun if you know you have a plan already in action. In addition to beginning the college essay, the article also recommends that students use the summer to visit colleges, finalize senior year schedules, and relax/recharge. See how many things you can cross off before the heat of July is upon us. For the full checklist, visit The Choice Blog. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »
Saturday, May 23, 2020
Catholicism Is The Faith, Function, And Practices Of The...
Catholicism is the faith, function, and practices of the Catholic Church. The faith of the Catholicism is the belief in God, its function is to influence the world about God, and the practices involved are to serve in God’s name and to worship God. The word â€Å"catholic†means â€Å"universal†, implying that everyone in the world could follow the Catholic belief. Reinforcing the fact that the word â€Å"catholic†means â€Å"universal†, many elements involved, such as one’s experiences, the way the Church evolved, and sacraments, help build the backbone to the subject of Catholicism. The experiences of people contribute to the subject of Catholicism because it expresses that God could change the mindset and function of everyday life, suggesting that any experience could bring people closer to God. Prior to being a Catholic social activist, Dorothy Day lived a rather underground lifestyle and ironically had an abortion. However, after experi encing depression, protests, failed relationships, and even suicide, she decided to convert to Catholicism. As a result of her conversion and motivated by faith, she founded the Catholic Worker to devote her life to the poor. Even though she helped ease the struggles of the poor and needy, she ended up facing a lot of hardships during her lifetime as the founder of the Catholic Worker because of her efforts, such as being jailed, suspected as a communist, and even threatened to die. Secondly, Denis Hayes, the writer of A Ray of Hope: The Transition to aShow MoreRelatedSt. Thomas More Discourse Community1191 Words  | 5 PagesThomas More Discourse community. Before analyzing the functions of St. Thomas More University Parish, however, it is first necessary to examine Catholicism and its practices. For nearly two-thousand years, the Catholic Church has built parishes, churches, and cathedrals all over the world. When delving into a specific discourse community within the Catholic Church, it is first necessary to examine and analyze the elements of Catholicism. Catholics are identified through their beliefs, terms, and traditionsRead MoreChinese Popular Religion Essay : Chinese Religion921 Words  | 4 PagesChinese Popular Religion Essay This last week the world has said goodbye to Mohamad Ali and bid Queen Elizabeth yet another of her 90 years. One might wonder what a Muslim, Catholic and the Dao have in common. Each with their own ideals these two cultural icons have lived in the Dao. â€Å"All humans are part of the cosmic process, the Tao, and are composed of the complimentary forces of yin and yang†(Lecture 6,2014). To live in the Dao one must revere humanities’ bond to humanity by following the fiveRead MoreAn Overview Of Lord Keeper Bacon At The Opening Of Parliament, 12 August 15631030 Words  | 5 PagesOverview By Lord Keeper Bacon at the Opening of Parliament, 12 January 1563†In 1563 Lord Keeper Bacon, a member of parliament, wrote a letter to Queen Elizabeth I, which was presented to parliament on January 12, 1563, requesting the issues with the church teaching be resolved. The letter argued that in order for Lord Keeper Bacon, as well as his lord bishops, to truly understand the religion, Queen Elizabeth I must reform the issues regarding the teachings of doctrine and discipline. This documentRead MoreChristian Beliefs Of Christian Church1251 Words  | 6 PagesOver a thousand years ago, a small Catholic parish waited nervously. There were at least a hundred among them. They were openly Christian, Catholic individuals. They waited in the bottom of a Roman stadium, prevented from entering the main ring by a metal gate. On the other side of this gate lurked various vicious animals and gladiators. These Catholic individuals were about to be slaughtered for their faith. They were indeed anxiousâ€â€loved ones said their final good byes, friends gave one anotherRead MoreElizabethan Settlement992 Words  | 4 Pagesthe Protestants and the Catholics. Elizabeth decided on a compromise between the two religions, one that would have characteristics of both, this new religion was called Anglicanism. The factors that caused Elizabeth to make this decision were her personal religious preferences, the views of the Marian Bishops and the opinions given to he r by the parliament. However this compromise did have consequences. These include the dissatisfaction from both Protestants and Catholics, The Vestiarian ControversyRead MoreThe Importance Of Religious Freedom1256 Words  | 6 PagesImportance of Religious Freedom Over a thousand years ago, a small Catholic parish waited nervously. There were at least a hundred among them. They were openly Christian, Catholic individuals. They waited in the bottom of a Roman stadium, prevented from entering the main ring by a metal gate. On the other side of this gate lurked various vicious animals and gladiators. These Catholic individuals were about to be slaughtered for their faith. They were indeed anxiousâ€â€loved ones said their final goodRead MoreThe Medieval Age1715 Words  | 7 PagesThe late Medieval Age witnessed significant change and reformation in both societal life and religious ideals. As more and more philosophers emerged, they began challenging societal norms and, inevitably, the Catholic Church, which dominated much of medieval life. As the Medieval Age waned, the emergence of humanism and Protestantism ushered in a new wave of a thought. Although the Reformation paved the way for a more anthropocentric outlook on life, in re gards to religion it became more theocentricRead MoreChristianity And The Middle Ages1376 Words  | 6 Pages Christianity during the middle ages had to overcome many people and to need to evolve in order to grow as fast as its leading religion which was islamic faith. When the religion was in its prime of evolving it need to become a stable and function community which during war it felt very unlike to. So as Christianity began to grow many followers and believers had to lose their lives because others didn’t agree with them. Since Christianity is one of the most dominant religion containing more thanRead MoreA Performance Analysis Of Tarry Flynn1307 Words  | 6 PagesDrumnay’s detachment from the church. It is clear that Wayne Jordan’s direction of Tarry Flynn conveys the clash of ideologies between the Catholic Church and the youth of 1930’s rural Ireland. This essay will go on to analyse three examples in support of this. In the1930’s, Ireland was known as one of the most sexually repressed countries in the world. ‘Ireland was a Catholic country, with over 90% of the population declaring themselves to be practising Catholics. The church was a potent social andRead MoreChap 15: Europe Transformed- Reform and State Building1520 Words  | 7 Pages 1. Martin Luther- defended the monk against heresy and set the stage for a serious challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, in which by no means was the first crisis in churchs 1500 year history. 2. 14th century- severe economic reversals and social upheavals 3. 15th century- Renaissance: a revival of arts and letters 4. 16th century- Reformation: religious renaissance 5. Absolutism (absolute monarchy)- most evident during the reign of Louis XVI 6. 17th century - absolute
Tuesday, May 12, 2020
All About Mettre - Irregular French Verb
Mettre, which means to put, is one of the most common French verbs. It is irregular in conjugation and is found in a number of idiomatic expressions.Using mettreMettre means to put:   Jai mis les livres sur la table.   I put the books on the table.   Il faut mettre sa famille avant son travail.   You have to put your family before your work.   Mettez les mains en lair.   Put your hands in the air.   Il veut mettre de largent dans votre affaire.   He wants to put money into your business.Mettre has various other meanings as well.1. to put on   Tu dois mettre un pull.   You need to put on a sweater.2. to spend time on   Jai mis deux semaines à le faire.   I spent two weeks doing it.3. to turn on, activate   Peux-tu mettre la radio ?   Could you turn on the radio?4. to suppose   Mettons quil a raison....   Supposing / Lets just say that he s right....Mettre noun à infinitive means to put something up/out/on to do something:   Jai mis de leau à bouillir.   I put some water on to boil.br/>   Il doit mettre le linge à sà ©cher.   He has to put (hang) the laundry up to dry.Se mettreSe mettre also has many different meanings.1. to put oneself   Mets-toi à cà ´tà © de ton frà ¨re.   Put yourself next to your brother, Go sit/stand next to your brother.   Je dois me mettre à lombre.   I have to get into the shade.(figurative)   Je ne sais pas oà ¹ me mettre.   I dont know where to look / what to do with myself.   se mettre dans une situation dà ©licate   to put/get oneself into a delicate situation2. to become (weather)   Il va se mettre au froid demain.   Its going to get/turn cold tomorrow.   Il sest mis au chaud.   It got hot.3. se mettre à - to start, se t to, take up   Il sest enfin mis au travail.   He finally started working.   Je vais me mettre à la danse.   Im going to take up dancing.   Quand vas-tu te mettre à à ©tudier ?   When are you going to start / set about studying?Expressions with mettre   mettre à lessai - to put to the test   mettre en relief - to accentuate, bring out, emphasize   Il y a mis le temps ! - He took his sweet time about it!   se mettre au rà ©gime - to go on a diet   More expressions with mettreConjugationsPresent tense   je mets   tu mets   il met   nous mettons   vous mettez   ils mettentAll tenses
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Age Related Changes That Occur in the Cardiovascular System Free Essays
Age Related Changes that Occur in the Cardiovascular System Age Related Changes that Occur in the Cardiovascular System In the normal conduction of the heart the electrical impulse starts in the SA node, also called the pacemaker of the heart. The electrical impulse travels through the right atrium and through the Bachmann’s bundle into the left atrium. This stimulates the atria to contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Age Related Changes That Occur in the Cardiovascular System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Next the signal travel to the AV node. The AV node slightly delays the signal. This delay is needed for the heart to beat properly. The Cardiovascular System iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/the-cardiovascular-system-intrinsic-conduction-system/embed/#?secret=ut1rhQbsSH" data-secret="ut1rhQbsSH" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;The Cardiovascular System#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Without this delay the atria and ventricles would beat at the same time. The electrical signal then travels to the Bundle of His where it is split into the signals going to the right and left ventricle. The signal travels through the left and the right Bundle Branch to contract the ventricles. As the body ages there are changes in the cardiovascular system. Some of these changes include major changes in heart rate, blood vessels become more stiff and thicker, heart valves become thicker and more stiff, the SA node loses cells and developes fibrous tissue. One major change is the decrease in the elasticity of the aorta and great arteries. The normal aorta allows for normal expansion during systole. Left ventricular ejection creates a pressure wave which travels the length of the aorta to the periphery. The pulse generated at a peripheral vessel is the result of this pressure wave and is not a reflection of blood flow. The velocity of the pressure wave is termed the pulse wave velocity. Age-related aortic stiffening causes an increase in the pulse wave velocity. The wave velocity in the elderly results in an elevation in the systolic blood pressure. The pulse wave is faster resulting in the reflected wave reaching the ascending aorta in the late systole rather than early diastole. Coronary artery disease also called CAD is the leading cause of death in both men and women. CAD is the leading type of heart disease in the United States. CAD is the hardening and build up of plaque inside the arteries that supply the heart with blood. The main part of plaque is cholesterol followed by other minerals. This type of build up is called atherosclerosis. As this grows it occludes the arteries which in turn decreases the amount of oxygen reaching the heart. This can lear to chest pain and heart attacks. The risk of CAD increases with age. 37% of people in the age range of 65-74 years old and 48% of those over the age of 75 (REF 1) reported having this type of illness. In the 75 years and over, more than one third of men and approximately one quarter of women are currently living with coronary artery disease. Hypertension is more common in the 60 and over range. Hypertension is define as a blood pressure of 140/90 or greater. Hypertension is related to the loss of elasticity in the aorta. Blood pressure mainly systolic pressure rises with age. In a community based study 90% of midlife adults with normal blood pressure developed hypertension in late life. (Ref 2) Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart beat. It’s more common in the aging adult. Arrhythmias occur when the electrical signals on the heart are not working correctly and making the heart beat in irregular rhythm. Many different things can lead to arrhythmias. Cardiac arrhythmias can be caused by a heart attack, scarring from prior heart attack, blocked arteries (CAD), hypertension, changes to your heart’s structure, such as from cardiomyopathy. Most common arrhythmias in the elderly are tachycardia and bradycardia. Tachycardia is a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute and bradycardia is less than 60 beats per minute. Tachycardia is most commonly caused by age-related deterioration of the heart or an underlying medical condition. It is a disruption of the normal electrical signal. Bradycardia is caused by changes to the heart related to aging. It is also a disruption of the normal electrical signal. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition caused by the weakening of the heart and the cardiovascular system. It develops when the heart is not able to pump enough blood. Some causes of CHF would include, narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle – coronary artery disease, past heart attack, or myocardial infarction, with scar tissue that interferes with the heart muscle’s normal work, high blood pressure, heart valve disease, primary disease of the heart muscle itself, called cardiomyopathy. High blood pressure is the leading cause of CHF in the elderly. High blood bressure put high demands on the heart to pump blood. This prolonged demand weakens the heart muscle over time. The heart doesn’t pump as efficiently as it should, the blood slows down and less blood is pumped. The blood returning to the heart backs up in the veins forcing fluid from the blood vessels into tissues of the feet and legs. The swelling that results is call â€Å"edema†. Bibliography Medline Plus, Aging changes in the heart and blood vessels, Retrieved April 1, 2013 From http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004006. htm Jenkins, Kemnitz, Tortora (2010) Anatomy and Physiology From Science to Life Danvers, MA: John Wiley and Sons Inc Pat Joiner-Myers, Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions 8th Edition Medscape, Cardiovascular Physiology- Changes With Aging , Retrieved April 1, 2013 From http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/450564_2 References 1. Office for National Statistics: General Lifestyle Survey (2007) www. statistics. gov. uk/statbase/product. asp? vlnk=5756 2. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men. JAMA 287, 1003–1010 (2002). How to cite Age Related Changes That Occur in the Cardiovascular System, Papers
Saturday, May 2, 2020
Public Health Clinical and Diagnostic Research
Question: Discuss about the Public Health for Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Answer: Introduction The phenomenon of nutrition transition that is being witnessed all over the world caused due to a shift in diets owing to a modern and urban lifestyle and economic development and greater buying power have triggered poor health outcomes. In India, the demography, pattern of food supply and the pattern of food consumption have undergone a change. Associated with this change is an increase in diet related non-communicable diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The impact of nutrition transition is visible on all age-groups. The supply of food is now abundant, but policies have not been able to make food available to the poor who continue to remain malnourished. On the other people from higher socioeconomic background suffer from the problem of plenty. The revision of the standards for overweight and obese classification have been revised for South Asians. The result is a high percentage of the population can now be classified as overweight or obese. Food Sufficiency In the 1970s India was still trying to tackle the problem of food shortage. In the late 70s the green revolution had taken place and India became self sufficient in food production (Ramchandran, 2013). In the 40 year period between 1963 and 2003 consumption of oils, sugar and meat has increased. According to the current trends the per capita consumption as determined by the food balance sheets of the FAO the total food intake in terms of calories has not changed much but the intake fats from animal and vegetable sources, sugar and meat has increased. 33% of the urban Indian diet constitutes fats while rural Indians consume 17% of their diet in the form of fats. Between 1975 and 1995, the consumption of cereals fell drastically and was replaced by consumption of protein and fats. This increase can be attributed to a huge increase in the consumption (following ample production) of milk and milk products and animal meat. But all the figures about consumption show a difference between ru ral and urban populations and socioeconomic status also has a considerable impact on the patterns of consumption. 25% of the available fat is consumed by the rural population while 40% of the fat is consumed by the 5% of the population constituted of the urban rich (Shetty, 2002). The Indian population suffers from the 'double burden' of malnutrition. Its population is suffering from underweight and overweight (Kulkarni, Kulkarni, Gaiha, 2013). As the rural population shifts to urban areas their consumption of processed foods increases. The tradition of consuming vegetables and fruits is declining. Intake of fibre Consumption of fibre in the form of fruits and vegetables has not increased much among Indians. Though horticulture has progressed and yields have increased, most of the produce is sold in export markets. This signifies a loss of soil nutrients and micronutrients which could have benefitted the local population. The shift to polished grains and a drop in consumption of coarse cereals such as millets, maize and sorghum has also reduced the intake of fiber. Consumption of fruits and vegetables in India is 149 -152 kg/person/annum has registered a slight increase. In a survey of two cities 265gm/day and less than three servings a day were registered. Consumption of less than five servings a day was reported from the state of Maharashtra by 76% respondents while it was 99% in the state of Tamil Nadu. This could be the reason for micronutrient deficiencies in 70% children and 55% women. 24% of men were also found to be suffering from anaemia. On the supply side India produces 40% of the w orld's mangoes, 30% of banana, sapota, and papaya, and lime. Several states of the country contribute to the overall production of fruits. Though there are some shortfalls in production of fruits and vegetables, due to the short shelf life about 35 % of the produce is lost during post harvest operations that include harvest, limited cold storage facilities, grading and transport. Only 2% of the produce is utilized by the food processing industry. Annual losses are between INR 130 to 140 million (Sachdeva, Sachdev, Sachdeva, 2013). Once the basic needs of procuring energy giving foods are met, households shift to the purchase of fruits, vegetables, milk and other animal foods. In a report on fruit and vegetable consumption in India it has been reported that Indians consume an average of 3.5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. It is as low as 2.9 servings a day for the age-group from 18-25 years. These values are much lower than the WHO recommended values of 5 servings a day which have now been revised to 7-10 servings day to be able to lead a life free of chronic diseases. Availability and income play an important role in the consumption. Processed food can be an option but the high cost and high taxes keep these out of reach of most people. Levels of consumption also vary depending on whether a person follows Jain diet, a vegetarian, an ovo-lacto-vegetarian or a non-vegetarian. About 89% respondents of a survey were not aware of the 400g a day recommendation of WHO. 50% respondents who were aware the WHO recommendations had received higher education and were more likely to have a post graduate degree. Various reasons were given by consumers that caus ed reduced intake. These include seasonal availability, high cost, inconvenient location of market place, poor quality, lack of space for storage in homes, some believe the nutritional content is low, and some have a strict preference for non-vegetarian or junk food. Several policy recommendations were made as part of the report. Among them was a recommendation to improve retail formats, facilitate transport of perishable fruits, reduce taxes on processed foods and generate awareness among people about the importance of including fruits and vegetables in their diet. Encouragement of Foreign direct investment in retail could make more choices for consumers available at reasonable prices. Traceability back to the produce farms for better adherence to quality and hygiene would ensure higher consumption. Provision of cold storages and refrigeration facilities to prevent spoilage of produce was also recommended. The very high tariffs on imported produce (up to 30%) make imports commercia lly unviable. The implications of shortfalls in consumption are lower intake of phytonutrients/micronutrients which help in prevention of several chronic diseases(Mukherjee, Dutta, Goyal, 2015). The demand supply gap in food has caused inflation in food prices. The percentage of income that a household spends on food has risen since 2008- the year when global food prices saw an inflationary trend. Food inequities in the urban populations include the malnourished and the over-nourished, both groups require sustainable methods of food that scores well nutritionally also. Fat and carbohydrate dense food consumption is also associated with poor nutrition and can lead to obesity, diabetes and related ailments. The policies based around food production in India do not incorporate sustainable food systems in their ambit. The drivers of food economy are stakeholders who have commercialized food production through an emphasis on getting high yields through use of chemicals for farming. In the developing countries like India, the migration of people to urban areas for employment does not translate into economic success, because the jobs are unstable and income is irregular. This leads to malnourishment because the food that they can afford to buy is often lacking in nutrients such as, Vitamin A and iron. Dwindling agricultural land keeps the nutritious and expensive components of diet far from their reach. The triple burden of undernutrition, overnutrition and nutrition deficient in micronutrients are seen in the same community or even household. The obesity epidemic In a survey of women in Delhi, it was found that over a period of 4 years, in women between the ages of 15-49 an increase of 2 points in the BMI was observed. Since a major shift in diet was not observed, most of the weight gain could be attributed to their sedentary lifestyles (Agrawal, Gupta, Mishra, Agrawal, 2013). Another study measured the physical activity among dental health professionals in terms of metabolic equivalents (MET). The MET minutes that measured the intensity of physical activity in third year and final year students and interns and faculty and was625.6, 786.3, 296.5, and 296.5 respectively.22.4% of the third year students were obese while 16.3% of the final year students were obese. 20.4% interns and 40.8 % of the teaching faculty were found to be obese (Singh Purohit, 2012). The changes in availability and consumption of high calorie foods like oils, sugar and meat have not been balanced with an increase in physical activity, leading to an increase in prevalen ce of obesity and higher BMI among the urban population from the higher socioeconomic levels. With its population size of over 120 billion people, the sheer size of the Indian market made it a lucrative business destination for the giant among the food corporations and they made a beeline to target the Indian consumers. The urban and rural populations of India were already undergoing a rapid nutrition transition. From a culture of fresh home-cooked meals to culture of consuming attractively packaged, branded, low-priced, mass produced, marketed and advertised food products. The Indian markets were inundated with packets of high sugar, fat and salt containing foods. The shift to a sedentary lifestyle also saw an increase in incidence of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. But also registering a quiet and quick decline in health were the figures on obesity and type 2 diabetes. The genetic predisposition and sedentary lifestyles added to the problem. Coupled with this was the prevalence of perinatal under-nutrition and 'catch up' obesity in children laid the foundation of type 2 diabetes in early adulthood. The South Asian population has lower BMI thresholds and cutoffs for waist circumference that are used to decide obesity and abdominal obesity than the Caucasian counterparts (Misra Bhardwaj, 2014). Obesity among children increased from 4.9 to 6.6% in the period between 2004-2006 (Gupta, Shah, Nayyar, Misra, 2013). More people are shifting towards diet that is rich in hydrogenated fats and animal fats. Intake of fiber is low. Activity at the work place and at home and during leisure is much lower than before and reducing expenditure of energy is commonly seen (Popkin B. , 2006). Consumption of processed and fast food In a study that compared consumption of Western-style fast food between low-income and high-group study participants, the likelihood of people from high income groups were more likely to visit fast food restaurants. The people from low income groups were more likely to eat fast food sold by street vendors because it was more affordable. However, both groups understood the importance of home-cooked food in maintaining health (Aloia, et al., 2013). Rapid increases in overweight and obesity are being reported from developing countries s much as from developed countries. The reliance on processed foods, eating away from home, and increase in intake of edible oils and sweetened beverages has caused an increase of obesity globally. (Popkin, Adair, Ng, 2012). In a survey of medical students in an Indian town, it was found that most of them had stressful study routines and frequently consumed fast food and sugar sweetened beverages. 34.5% of the students were either overweight or obese with BMI ˃ 25. Intake of fruits and vegetables was lacking in the diets of more than 20% students and 60%students were unaware about the risks associated with the intake of fast foods (Shah, et al., 2014). Rapid urbanisation, migration of people from rural to urban areas, changing perceptions, higher number of working women, the convenience of processed foods has made a marked shift in the way Indians now consume food. Traditionally, consumption of fresh foods is rapidly shifting to processed, ready to eat meals. A higher number of younger Indians want to try novel foods and their perception of imported foods being better in quality has led to a transition in nutrition (Puttarathnamma, Prakash, Prabhavathi, 2015). Another study points at the preference of young Indians for fast food but they are aware of the fact that home cooked food is nutritionally superior (Goyal Singh, 2007). In a study on obesity and hypertension among adolescent school children in Gangtok, India, 2.04% subjects were found to be obese and 14.5% were overweight. Consumption of fast food, unhealthy snacks and sedentary habits were reasons for high percentage of the overweight children who came from high income fa milies (Kar Khandelwal, 2015). The fast food industry in India is expanding at the rate of 40% every year. The consumption of fast foods by adolescents is indeed alarming. In survey of 300 school going adolescents, it was found that 292 of them regularly visited fast food restaurants. The percentage of the obese and overweight was found to be 13.7 and 2.7, respectively. Most of them were lured by the television commercials and attractive packaging. They were aware of the harmful effects of consuming the high fat, high sugar foods. Children who did not eat fast foods said they did so due to parental advice, harmful effects on health and having fallen ill in the past due to fast food consumption. However, the children who reported eating fast foods had parental influence and fast food consumption was prevalent at home. About 48.3% fast food consumers among the students wanted to quit the habit because they were aware of the associated health hazards, they considered the foods will ca use weight gain, there was pressure from parents to quit and it resulted in waste of money (Joseph, et al., 2015). Big retailers and the food processing industry that sell attractively packaged, high sugar, fat and salt laden foods and raise sales through the television commercials occupy large sections of food shelves in supermarkets. On the other hand public health nutritionists try to raise awareness on the obesogenic environment created by bottled sugary drinks and unhealthy food that have threatened to become the staple diet of young and old alike. Imposition of higher taxes may help reduce sales and cause restricted expansion of retail outlets and create awareness about healthy eating. But this is diametrically opposite to the market economics that guides food processors. Retailers and policy makers are under attack by consumer groups for sale of healthier foodstuffs produced with an eye on green production practices and those that are sensitive to animal welfare. The giants in the food processing industry have also started the idea of contract farming that helps them obtain produce that co nforms to specifications required by the machine-oriented food production methods. On the one hand governments promote the food processing industry to increase food production, supply, industry and employment opportunities and on the other hand there is a need for policy framing and implementation to facilitate a battle against the growing incidence of diet-related non-communicable diseases that increase the health expenses on budgetary requirements. The need to increase investments in the food sector and the need to preserve health of people are at conflict with each other. Increasing food supply through industry is not enough, policy frameworks need space to include the health priorities of populations (Thow McGrady, 2014). Policy on sale of unhealthy food Production and sale of packaged snacks containing high levels of salt has increased the consumption to dangerous levels. 50-60% of edible salt, sugar and fat are used up by the food processing industry in India. The industry has received a massive backing from the government. The public health impact of consumption of the fried, high salt products is currently being overlooked. Just as governments in many governments around the world mull a tax on sugar sweetened beverages to discourage consumption, Indian policy makers also need to deal with the problem of excess consumption of salt, sugar and fat through packaged foods that include ready to eat meals, frozen foods including ice creams, biscuits and snacks (Brownell, et al., 2009). Another study estimates that a 20% tax on palm oil may reduce deaths due to myocardial infarction by 363,000 in the period between 2014-23. Although doing so may force people to shift to other edible oils which could add to food insecurity and continue to pose a health risk (Basu, et al., 2013). It is a tight rope walk for policy makers because taxes on unhealthy food stuffs have to be balanced with economics of food production and availability (Dasgupta, Pillai, Kumar, Arora, 2015). Benefits of vegetarianism Vegetarianism is a big aspect of nutrition in India. According. to the American Dietetic Association well planned vegetarian diets are not only nutritionally adequate but provide additional health benefits to people against chronic diseases(Singh, et al., 2014). In a study that analysed the prevalence of diabetes among vegetarians, lacto-vegetarians and lacto-ovo vegetarians, it was found that 30% lower incidence was observed (Agrawal, Millett, Dhillon, Subramanian, Ebrahim, 2014). Another study found significant cardiovascular health benefits derived from a vegetarian diet in four geographical locations of India (Shridhar, et al., 2014). Risk of type 2 diabetes was found to be lower in vegans, ovo-vegetarians, lacto-vegetarians, and pesco-vegetarians than non-vegetarians (Zaman, Zaman, Arifullah, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, the relative abundance of food has led to an increase in the consumption of sugar, fat, milk products and animal protein in India. The nutrition transition is more pronounced in urban India, where sedentary lifestyles have added to the growing numbers of obese people who are at a risk of type 2 diabetes. Consumption of fibre has touched a low because the growth in production of fruits and vegetables has not kept up with the requirements of cold storages, refrigeration and most of the produce is lost due to spoilage. Policies need to focus on better retail formats and protect produce with better post harvest technology. Food inflation post the 2008 rise in global food prices has affected the impoverished. The rise of malnutrition is a challenge for the authorities that is becoming difficult to solve. On the other hand the problems of overnutrition and lower than recommended consumption of micronutrients has given rise to problems associated with obesity and mineral defi ciencies. High BMIs and diabetes are the outcome of change in culture. From home-cooked food, people have quickly moved to the consumption of convenient, attractive and unhealthy packaged and processed foods. The government backing to the food processing industry has improved the economics of food production and marketing but the impact on public health has been poor. Policies are needed that raise awareness for consumption of healthy food on the one hand and levy taxes on unhealthy salt, sugar and fat laden food to discourage consumption on the other. The benefits of having a vegetarian population can be realised only when people learn to eat healthy and exercise. References Agrawal, P., Gupta, K., Mishra, V., Agrawal, S. (2013). Effects of sedentary lifestyle and dietary habits on body mass index change among adult women in India: findings from a follow-up study. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 52(5):387-406. Agrawal, S., Millett, C., Dhillon, P., Subramanian, S., Ebrahim, S. (2014). Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population. Journal of Nutrition, 13:89. Aloia, C., Gasevic, D., Yusuf, S., Teo, K., Chockalingam, A., Patro, B., . . . Lear, S. (2013). 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