Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Free Essays on Roman Art And Architecture
Roman Art and Architecture, the workmanship and engineering of Rome and its domain, which at its apogee stretched out from the British Isles to the Caspian Sea. The most punctual Roman craftsmanship is for the most part connected with the oust of the Etruscan lords and the foundation of the Republic in 509 BC. The finish of Roman workmanship and the start of medieval craftsmanship is generally said to happen with the change of the sovereign Constantine to Christianity and the exchange of the capital of the realm from Rome to Constantinople in AD 330. Roman styles and even agnostic Roman subjects proceeded, in any case, for a considerable length of time, frequently in Christian appearance. Roman workmanship is generally partitioned into two fundamental periods, craft of the Republic and specialty of the Roman Empire (from 27 BC on), with developments relating to the significant rulers or magnificent lines. At the point when the Republic was established, the term Roman craftsmanship wa s basically synonymus with the specialty of the city of Rome, which despite everything bore the stamp of its Etruscan workmanship; during the most recent two centuries, strikingly that of Greece, Roman craftsmanship shook off its reliance on Etruscan craftsmanship; during the most recent two centuries before Christ a particular Roman way of building, chiseling, and tormenting developed. Never-the-less, due to the exceptional geological degree of the Roman Empire and the quantity of different populaces enveloped inside its limits, the workmanship and engineering of the Romans was consistently varied and is described by changing styles inferable from varying provincial tastes and the various inclinations of a wide scope of supporters. Roman craftsmanship isn't only the specialty of the rulers, representatives, and privileged, yet of the considerable number of people groups of Rome's tremendous domain, including white collar class businesspeople, freedmen, slaves, and fighters in Italy and the regions. Inquisitively, in spite of the fact that instances of Roman models, artworks, structures, and improving expressions make due in extraordinary numbers, barely any names of Roman craftsmen and designers are recorded. As a rule, Roman landmarks we... Free Essays on Roman Art And Architecture Free Essays on Roman Art And Architecture Roman Art and Architecture, the craftsmanship and design of Rome and its domain, which at its apogee reached out from the British Isles to the Caspian Sea. The most punctual Roman craftsmanship is for the most part connected with the oust of the Etruscan rulers and the foundation of the Republic in 509 BC. The finish of Roman workmanship and the start of medieval craftsmanship is generally said to happen with the change of the sovereign Constantine to Christianity and the exchange of the capital of the domain from Rome to Constantinople in AD 330. Roman styles and even agnostic Roman subjects proceeded, be that as it may, for a considerable length of time, frequently in Christian appearance. Roman craftsmanship is customarily separated into two primary periods, specialty of the Republic and craft of the Roman Empire (from 27 BC on), with regions comparing to the significant heads or majestic administrations. At the point when the Republic was established, the term Roman craftsmanship was for all intents and purposes synonymus with the specialty of the city of Rome, which despite everything bore the stamp of its Etruscan workmanship; during the most recent two centuries, remarkably that of Greece, Roman craftsmanship shook off its reliance on Etruscan workmanship; during the most recent two centuries before Christ a particular Roman way of building, chiseling, and tormenting developed. Never-the-less, as a result of the unprecedented land degree of the Roman Empire and the quantity of different populaces incorporated inside its limits, the workmanship and engineering of the Romans was consistently mixed and is described by fluctuating styles inferable from varying local tastes and the assorted inclinations of a wide scope of benefactors. Roman workmanship isn't only the craft of the heads, congresspersons, and nobility, however of the considerable number of people groups of Rome's huge domain, including white collar class specialists, freedmen, slaves, and troop ers in Italy and the areas. Inquisitively, in spite of the fact that instances of Roman models, canvases, structures, and brightening expressions make due in incredible numbers, barely any names of Roman craftsmen and planners are recorded. As a rule, Roman landmarks we...
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Integration Efforts in Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Incorporation Efforts in Latin America - Essay Example Impressively, a few Latin American nations were fruitful after the World War and built up logical, modern and specialized foundations, in producing authoritative and administrative limits, preparing laborers and in creating worldwide mechanical structures. The Latin American countries’ economies developed suddenly and soon they were contending with the solid economies on the planet (Balasa et al. 1986, p. 34). Local coordination has had an earth shattering duty in the plan of worldwide and productive strategies in Latin American states. Balasa et al (1986, p. 36) noticed that the origination of solidarity and combination among the Latin nations has existed since the influx of freedom developments that cleared the mainland in the mid nineteenth century. Spanish Empire Leader, Simon Bolivar, had longed for an assembled Latin America. Today, prominent advances have been made towards local joining. The achievement of the European reconciliation provoked the Latin American nations to converge to shape a territorial square. This move was confronted with advancement challenges (Iglesias, 2000, p. 24). The conversation on mix is a profound procedure depicted by endeavors to blend approaches among nations and yield domain to a supranational body. Mix is portrayed as a perpetual learning and estimate process defenseless to emergency. Capannelli et al (2009, p. 10) takes note of that joining is embodied by increasingly incorporated political, monetary and social approaches. On account of the provincial principle, reliance and underdevelopment, Latin American nations have been financially helpless. Dependence on the fares of essential fare items and the importation of produced merchandise came about to rivalry to the local enterprises which forestalled their turn of events. The joining endeavors made rose to shorten the effects of the inconsistent worldwide economy relationship. Regardless of the energy for joining, different destinations among nations, defenselessn ess to worldwide emergency and need solidarity and trust among the part states have restrained the coordination procedure (Tiefenbrun, 2012). The Latin American Integration developed after the incredible gloom after the World War. These nations needed to free themselves from the world superpower nations. With mechanical sponsorships and grandiose taxes, the Latin American nations accepted that local organizations and enterprises would have a chance to create and decrease the over reliance on made imported things (Hughes and Singh, 1991, p.78). Somewhat, Latin American incorporation succeeded and fizzled. This paper traces the disappointments and triumphs of the Latin American incorporation and the elements that caused them. Disappointments of Latin American Integration and the causes Because of the weights of the first advancing world, Latin American nations have thought of many sub-provincial mix associations (Balasa et al 1986, p. 34), on a very basic level to advance monetary rec onciliation and exchange progression. Shockingly, a large portion of them couldn't go past logical political articulations. Consequently, the vast majority of the territorial mix forms fizzled. The essential contention is that the various objectives and political frameworks by various Latin American nations achieved financial disappointment (Fishlow, 1991, p. 36). This is ascribed to local causes other than universal financial powers.
Sunday, August 9, 2020
The NY Times June Checklist Start Writing Your College Essay
The NY Times June Checklist Start Writing Your College Essay The NY Times June Checklist: Start Writing Your College Essay The NY Times June Checklist: Start Writing Your College Essay The NY Times The Choice blog recently released its June College Checklist for Juniors, and can you guess what was on the list? Thats right folks! Its officially essay time! The post suggests that June is the perfect time to begin the college essay, as the summer frees students from the added pressure of everyday school essays and projects. College counselors also noted that exiting the month with a fully polished draft in hand is not necessary, and we agree it is most important simply to start the process. Still, why not get as big a jump start on this behemoth task as possible? Summer will be more fun if you know you have a plan already in action. In addition to beginning the college essay, the article also recommends that students use the summer to visit colleges, finalize senior year schedules, and relax/recharge. See how many things you can cross off before the heat of July is upon us. For the full checklist, visit The Choice Blog. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »
Saturday, May 23, 2020
Catholicism Is The Faith, Function, And Practices Of The...
Catholicism is the faith, function, and practices of the Catholic Church. The faith of the Catholicism is the belief in God, its function is to influence the world about God, and the practices involved are to serve in God’s name and to worship God. The word â€Å"catholic†means â€Å"universal†, implying that everyone in the world could follow the Catholic belief. Reinforcing the fact that the word â€Å"catholic†means â€Å"universal†, many elements involved, such as one’s experiences, the way the Church evolved, and sacraments, help build the backbone to the subject of Catholicism. The experiences of people contribute to the subject of Catholicism because it expresses that God could change the mindset and function of everyday life, suggesting that any experience could bring people closer to God. Prior to being a Catholic social activist, Dorothy Day lived a rather underground lifestyle and ironically had an abortion. However, after experi encing depression, protests, failed relationships, and even suicide, she decided to convert to Catholicism. As a result of her conversion and motivated by faith, she founded the Catholic Worker to devote her life to the poor. Even though she helped ease the struggles of the poor and needy, she ended up facing a lot of hardships during her lifetime as the founder of the Catholic Worker because of her efforts, such as being jailed, suspected as a communist, and even threatened to die. Secondly, Denis Hayes, the writer of A Ray of Hope: The Transition to aShow MoreRelatedSt. Thomas More Discourse Community1191 Words  | 5 PagesThomas More Discourse community. Before analyzing the functions of St. Thomas More University Parish, however, it is first necessary to examine Catholicism and its practices. For nearly two-thousand years, the Catholic Church has built parishes, churches, and cathedrals all over the world. When delving into a specific discourse community within the Catholic Church, it is first necessary to examine and analyze the elements of Catholicism. Catholics are identified through their beliefs, terms, and traditionsRead MoreChinese Popular Religion Essay : Chinese Religion921 Words  | 4 PagesChinese Popular Religion Essay This last week the world has said goodbye to Mohamad Ali and bid Queen Elizabeth yet another of her 90 years. One might wonder what a Muslim, Catholic and the Dao have in common. Each with their own ideals these two cultural icons have lived in the Dao. â€Å"All humans are part of the cosmic process, the Tao, and are composed of the complimentary forces of yin and yang†(Lecture 6,2014). To live in the Dao one must revere humanities’ bond to humanity by following the fiveRead MoreAn Overview Of Lord Keeper Bacon At The Opening Of Parliament, 12 August 15631030 Words  | 5 PagesOverview By Lord Keeper Bacon at the Opening of Parliament, 12 January 1563†In 1563 Lord Keeper Bacon, a member of parliament, wrote a letter to Queen Elizabeth I, which was presented to parliament on January 12, 1563, requesting the issues with the church teaching be resolved. The letter argued that in order for Lord Keeper Bacon, as well as his lord bishops, to truly understand the religion, Queen Elizabeth I must reform the issues regarding the teachings of doctrine and discipline. This documentRead MoreChristian Beliefs Of Christian Church1251 Words  | 6 PagesOver a thousand years ago, a small Catholic parish waited nervously. There were at least a hundred among them. They were openly Christian, Catholic individuals. They waited in the bottom of a Roman stadium, prevented from entering the main ring by a metal gate. On the other side of this gate lurked various vicious animals and gladiators. These Catholic individuals were about to be slaughtered for their faith. They were indeed anxiousâ€â€loved ones said their final good byes, friends gave one anotherRead MoreElizabethan Settlement992 Words  | 4 Pagesthe Protestants and the Catholics. Elizabeth decided on a compromise between the two religions, one that would have characteristics of both, this new religion was called Anglicanism. The factors that caused Elizabeth to make this decision were her personal religious preferences, the views of the Marian Bishops and the opinions given to he r by the parliament. However this compromise did have consequences. These include the dissatisfaction from both Protestants and Catholics, The Vestiarian ControversyRead MoreThe Importance Of Religious Freedom1256 Words  | 6 PagesImportance of Religious Freedom Over a thousand years ago, a small Catholic parish waited nervously. There were at least a hundred among them. They were openly Christian, Catholic individuals. They waited in the bottom of a Roman stadium, prevented from entering the main ring by a metal gate. On the other side of this gate lurked various vicious animals and gladiators. These Catholic individuals were about to be slaughtered for their faith. They were indeed anxiousâ€â€loved ones said their final goodRead MoreThe Medieval Age1715 Words  | 7 PagesThe late Medieval Age witnessed significant change and reformation in both societal life and religious ideals. As more and more philosophers emerged, they began challenging societal norms and, inevitably, the Catholic Church, which dominated much of medieval life. As the Medieval Age waned, the emergence of humanism and Protestantism ushered in a new wave of a thought. Although the Reformation paved the way for a more anthropocentric outlook on life, in re gards to religion it became more theocentricRead MoreChristianity And The Middle Ages1376 Words  | 6 Pages Christianity during the middle ages had to overcome many people and to need to evolve in order to grow as fast as its leading religion which was islamic faith. When the religion was in its prime of evolving it need to become a stable and function community which during war it felt very unlike to. So as Christianity began to grow many followers and believers had to lose their lives because others didn’t agree with them. Since Christianity is one of the most dominant religion containing more thanRead MoreA Performance Analysis Of Tarry Flynn1307 Words  | 6 PagesDrumnay’s detachment from the church. It is clear that Wayne Jordan’s direction of Tarry Flynn conveys the clash of ideologies between the Catholic Church and the youth of 1930’s rural Ireland. This essay will go on to analyse three examples in support of this. In the1930’s, Ireland was known as one of the most sexually repressed countries in the world. ‘Ireland was a Catholic country, with over 90% of the population declaring themselves to be practising Catholics. The church was a potent social andRead MoreChap 15: Europe Transformed- Reform and State Building1520 Words  | 7 Pages 1. Martin Luther- defended the monk against heresy and set the stage for a serious challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, in which by no means was the first crisis in churchs 1500 year history. 2. 14th century- severe economic reversals and social upheavals 3. 15th century- Renaissance: a revival of arts and letters 4. 16th century- Reformation: religious renaissance 5. Absolutism (absolute monarchy)- most evident during the reign of Louis XVI 6. 17th century - absolute
Tuesday, May 12, 2020
All About Mettre - Irregular French Verb
Mettre, which means to put, is one of the most common French verbs. It is irregular in conjugation and is found in a number of idiomatic expressions.Using mettreMettre means to put:   Jai mis les livres sur la table.   I put the books on the table.   Il faut mettre sa famille avant son travail.   You have to put your family before your work.   Mettez les mains en lair.   Put your hands in the air.   Il veut mettre de largent dans votre affaire.   He wants to put money into your business.Mettre has various other meanings as well.1. to put on   Tu dois mettre un pull.   You need to put on a sweater.2. to spend time on   Jai mis deux semaines à le faire.   I spent two weeks doing it.3. to turn on, activate   Peux-tu mettre la radio ?   Could you turn on the radio?4. to suppose   Mettons quil a raison....   Supposing / Lets just say that he s right....Mettre noun à infinitive means to put something up/out/on to do something:   Jai mis de leau à bouillir.   I put some water on to boil.br/>   Il doit mettre le linge à sà ©cher.   He has to put (hang) the laundry up to dry.Se mettreSe mettre also has many different meanings.1. to put oneself   Mets-toi à cà ´tà © de ton frà ¨re.   Put yourself next to your brother, Go sit/stand next to your brother.   Je dois me mettre à lombre.   I have to get into the shade.(figurative)   Je ne sais pas oà ¹ me mettre.   I dont know where to look / what to do with myself.   se mettre dans une situation dà ©licate   to put/get oneself into a delicate situation2. to become (weather)   Il va se mettre au froid demain.   Its going to get/turn cold tomorrow.   Il sest mis au chaud.   It got hot.3. se mettre à - to start, se t to, take up   Il sest enfin mis au travail.   He finally started working.   Je vais me mettre à la danse.   Im going to take up dancing.   Quand vas-tu te mettre à à ©tudier ?   When are you going to start / set about studying?Expressions with mettre   mettre à lessai - to put to the test   mettre en relief - to accentuate, bring out, emphasize   Il y a mis le temps ! - He took his sweet time about it!   se mettre au rà ©gime - to go on a diet   More expressions with mettreConjugationsPresent tense   je mets   tu mets   il met   nous mettons   vous mettez   ils mettentAll tenses
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Age Related Changes That Occur in the Cardiovascular System Free Essays
Age Related Changes that Occur in the Cardiovascular System Age Related Changes that Occur in the Cardiovascular System In the normal conduction of the heart the electrical impulse starts in the SA node, also called the pacemaker of the heart. The electrical impulse travels through the right atrium and through the Bachmann’s bundle into the left atrium. This stimulates the atria to contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Age Related Changes That Occur in the Cardiovascular System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Next the signal travel to the AV node. The AV node slightly delays the signal. This delay is needed for the heart to beat properly. The Cardiovascular System iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/the-cardiovascular-system-intrinsic-conduction-system/embed/#?secret=ut1rhQbsSH" data-secret="ut1rhQbsSH" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;The Cardiovascular System#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Without this delay the atria and ventricles would beat at the same time. The electrical signal then travels to the Bundle of His where it is split into the signals going to the right and left ventricle. The signal travels through the left and the right Bundle Branch to contract the ventricles. As the body ages there are changes in the cardiovascular system. Some of these changes include major changes in heart rate, blood vessels become more stiff and thicker, heart valves become thicker and more stiff, the SA node loses cells and developes fibrous tissue. One major change is the decrease in the elasticity of the aorta and great arteries. The normal aorta allows for normal expansion during systole. Left ventricular ejection creates a pressure wave which travels the length of the aorta to the periphery. The pulse generated at a peripheral vessel is the result of this pressure wave and is not a reflection of blood flow. The velocity of the pressure wave is termed the pulse wave velocity. Age-related aortic stiffening causes an increase in the pulse wave velocity. The wave velocity in the elderly results in an elevation in the systolic blood pressure. The pulse wave is faster resulting in the reflected wave reaching the ascending aorta in the late systole rather than early diastole. Coronary artery disease also called CAD is the leading cause of death in both men and women. CAD is the leading type of heart disease in the United States. CAD is the hardening and build up of plaque inside the arteries that supply the heart with blood. The main part of plaque is cholesterol followed by other minerals. This type of build up is called atherosclerosis. As this grows it occludes the arteries which in turn decreases the amount of oxygen reaching the heart. This can lear to chest pain and heart attacks. The risk of CAD increases with age. 37% of people in the age range of 65-74 years old and 48% of those over the age of 75 (REF 1) reported having this type of illness. In the 75 years and over, more than one third of men and approximately one quarter of women are currently living with coronary artery disease. Hypertension is more common in the 60 and over range. Hypertension is define as a blood pressure of 140/90 or greater. Hypertension is related to the loss of elasticity in the aorta. Blood pressure mainly systolic pressure rises with age. In a community based study 90% of midlife adults with normal blood pressure developed hypertension in late life. (Ref 2) Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart beat. It’s more common in the aging adult. Arrhythmias occur when the electrical signals on the heart are not working correctly and making the heart beat in irregular rhythm. Many different things can lead to arrhythmias. Cardiac arrhythmias can be caused by a heart attack, scarring from prior heart attack, blocked arteries (CAD), hypertension, changes to your heart’s structure, such as from cardiomyopathy. Most common arrhythmias in the elderly are tachycardia and bradycardia. Tachycardia is a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute and bradycardia is less than 60 beats per minute. Tachycardia is most commonly caused by age-related deterioration of the heart or an underlying medical condition. It is a disruption of the normal electrical signal. Bradycardia is caused by changes to the heart related to aging. It is also a disruption of the normal electrical signal. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition caused by the weakening of the heart and the cardiovascular system. It develops when the heart is not able to pump enough blood. Some causes of CHF would include, narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle – coronary artery disease, past heart attack, or myocardial infarction, with scar tissue that interferes with the heart muscle’s normal work, high blood pressure, heart valve disease, primary disease of the heart muscle itself, called cardiomyopathy. High blood pressure is the leading cause of CHF in the elderly. High blood bressure put high demands on the heart to pump blood. This prolonged demand weakens the heart muscle over time. The heart doesn’t pump as efficiently as it should, the blood slows down and less blood is pumped. The blood returning to the heart backs up in the veins forcing fluid from the blood vessels into tissues of the feet and legs. The swelling that results is call â€Å"edema†. Bibliography Medline Plus, Aging changes in the heart and blood vessels, Retrieved April 1, 2013 From http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004006. htm Jenkins, Kemnitz, Tortora (2010) Anatomy and Physiology From Science to Life Danvers, MA: John Wiley and Sons Inc Pat Joiner-Myers, Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions 8th Edition Medscape, Cardiovascular Physiology- Changes With Aging , Retrieved April 1, 2013 From http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/450564_2 References 1. Office for National Statistics: General Lifestyle Survey (2007) www. statistics. gov. uk/statbase/product. asp? vlnk=5756 2. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men. JAMA 287, 1003–1010 (2002). How to cite Age Related Changes That Occur in the Cardiovascular System, Papers
Saturday, May 2, 2020
Public Health Clinical and Diagnostic Research
Question: Discuss about the Public Health for Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Answer: Introduction The phenomenon of nutrition transition that is being witnessed all over the world caused due to a shift in diets owing to a modern and urban lifestyle and economic development and greater buying power have triggered poor health outcomes. In India, the demography, pattern of food supply and the pattern of food consumption have undergone a change. Associated with this change is an increase in diet related non-communicable diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The impact of nutrition transition is visible on all age-groups. The supply of food is now abundant, but policies have not been able to make food available to the poor who continue to remain malnourished. On the other people from higher socioeconomic background suffer from the problem of plenty. The revision of the standards for overweight and obese classification have been revised for South Asians. The result is a high percentage of the population can now be classified as overweight or obese. Food Sufficiency In the 1970s India was still trying to tackle the problem of food shortage. In the late 70s the green revolution had taken place and India became self sufficient in food production (Ramchandran, 2013). In the 40 year period between 1963 and 2003 consumption of oils, sugar and meat has increased. According to the current trends the per capita consumption as determined by the food balance sheets of the FAO the total food intake in terms of calories has not changed much but the intake fats from animal and vegetable sources, sugar and meat has increased. 33% of the urban Indian diet constitutes fats while rural Indians consume 17% of their diet in the form of fats. Between 1975 and 1995, the consumption of cereals fell drastically and was replaced by consumption of protein and fats. This increase can be attributed to a huge increase in the consumption (following ample production) of milk and milk products and animal meat. But all the figures about consumption show a difference between ru ral and urban populations and socioeconomic status also has a considerable impact on the patterns of consumption. 25% of the available fat is consumed by the rural population while 40% of the fat is consumed by the 5% of the population constituted of the urban rich (Shetty, 2002). The Indian population suffers from the 'double burden' of malnutrition. Its population is suffering from underweight and overweight (Kulkarni, Kulkarni, Gaiha, 2013). As the rural population shifts to urban areas their consumption of processed foods increases. The tradition of consuming vegetables and fruits is declining. Intake of fibre Consumption of fibre in the form of fruits and vegetables has not increased much among Indians. Though horticulture has progressed and yields have increased, most of the produce is sold in export markets. This signifies a loss of soil nutrients and micronutrients which could have benefitted the local population. The shift to polished grains and a drop in consumption of coarse cereals such as millets, maize and sorghum has also reduced the intake of fiber. Consumption of fruits and vegetables in India is 149 -152 kg/person/annum has registered a slight increase. In a survey of two cities 265gm/day and less than three servings a day were registered. Consumption of less than five servings a day was reported from the state of Maharashtra by 76% respondents while it was 99% in the state of Tamil Nadu. This could be the reason for micronutrient deficiencies in 70% children and 55% women. 24% of men were also found to be suffering from anaemia. On the supply side India produces 40% of the w orld's mangoes, 30% of banana, sapota, and papaya, and lime. Several states of the country contribute to the overall production of fruits. Though there are some shortfalls in production of fruits and vegetables, due to the short shelf life about 35 % of the produce is lost during post harvest operations that include harvest, limited cold storage facilities, grading and transport. Only 2% of the produce is utilized by the food processing industry. Annual losses are between INR 130 to 140 million (Sachdeva, Sachdev, Sachdeva, 2013). Once the basic needs of procuring energy giving foods are met, households shift to the purchase of fruits, vegetables, milk and other animal foods. In a report on fruit and vegetable consumption in India it has been reported that Indians consume an average of 3.5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. It is as low as 2.9 servings a day for the age-group from 18-25 years. These values are much lower than the WHO recommended values of 5 servings a day which have now been revised to 7-10 servings day to be able to lead a life free of chronic diseases. Availability and income play an important role in the consumption. Processed food can be an option but the high cost and high taxes keep these out of reach of most people. Levels of consumption also vary depending on whether a person follows Jain diet, a vegetarian, an ovo-lacto-vegetarian or a non-vegetarian. About 89% respondents of a survey were not aware of the 400g a day recommendation of WHO. 50% respondents who were aware the WHO recommendations had received higher education and were more likely to have a post graduate degree. Various reasons were given by consumers that caus ed reduced intake. These include seasonal availability, high cost, inconvenient location of market place, poor quality, lack of space for storage in homes, some believe the nutritional content is low, and some have a strict preference for non-vegetarian or junk food. Several policy recommendations were made as part of the report. Among them was a recommendation to improve retail formats, facilitate transport of perishable fruits, reduce taxes on processed foods and generate awareness among people about the importance of including fruits and vegetables in their diet. Encouragement of Foreign direct investment in retail could make more choices for consumers available at reasonable prices. Traceability back to the produce farms for better adherence to quality and hygiene would ensure higher consumption. Provision of cold storages and refrigeration facilities to prevent spoilage of produce was also recommended. The very high tariffs on imported produce (up to 30%) make imports commercia lly unviable. The implications of shortfalls in consumption are lower intake of phytonutrients/micronutrients which help in prevention of several chronic diseases(Mukherjee, Dutta, Goyal, 2015). The demand supply gap in food has caused inflation in food prices. The percentage of income that a household spends on food has risen since 2008- the year when global food prices saw an inflationary trend. Food inequities in the urban populations include the malnourished and the over-nourished, both groups require sustainable methods of food that scores well nutritionally also. Fat and carbohydrate dense food consumption is also associated with poor nutrition and can lead to obesity, diabetes and related ailments. The policies based around food production in India do not incorporate sustainable food systems in their ambit. The drivers of food economy are stakeholders who have commercialized food production through an emphasis on getting high yields through use of chemicals for farming. In the developing countries like India, the migration of people to urban areas for employment does not translate into economic success, because the jobs are unstable and income is irregular. This leads to malnourishment because the food that they can afford to buy is often lacking in nutrients such as, Vitamin A and iron. Dwindling agricultural land keeps the nutritious and expensive components of diet far from their reach. The triple burden of undernutrition, overnutrition and nutrition deficient in micronutrients are seen in the same community or even household. The obesity epidemic In a survey of women in Delhi, it was found that over a period of 4 years, in women between the ages of 15-49 an increase of 2 points in the BMI was observed. Since a major shift in diet was not observed, most of the weight gain could be attributed to their sedentary lifestyles (Agrawal, Gupta, Mishra, Agrawal, 2013). Another study measured the physical activity among dental health professionals in terms of metabolic equivalents (MET). The MET minutes that measured the intensity of physical activity in third year and final year students and interns and faculty and was625.6, 786.3, 296.5, and 296.5 respectively.22.4% of the third year students were obese while 16.3% of the final year students were obese. 20.4% interns and 40.8 % of the teaching faculty were found to be obese (Singh Purohit, 2012). The changes in availability and consumption of high calorie foods like oils, sugar and meat have not been balanced with an increase in physical activity, leading to an increase in prevalen ce of obesity and higher BMI among the urban population from the higher socioeconomic levels. With its population size of over 120 billion people, the sheer size of the Indian market made it a lucrative business destination for the giant among the food corporations and they made a beeline to target the Indian consumers. The urban and rural populations of India were already undergoing a rapid nutrition transition. From a culture of fresh home-cooked meals to culture of consuming attractively packaged, branded, low-priced, mass produced, marketed and advertised food products. The Indian markets were inundated with packets of high sugar, fat and salt containing foods. The shift to a sedentary lifestyle also saw an increase in incidence of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. But also registering a quiet and quick decline in health were the figures on obesity and type 2 diabetes. The genetic predisposition and sedentary lifestyles added to the problem. Coupled with this was the prevalence of perinatal under-nutrition and 'catch up' obesity in children laid the foundation of type 2 diabetes in early adulthood. The South Asian population has lower BMI thresholds and cutoffs for waist circumference that are used to decide obesity and abdominal obesity than the Caucasian counterparts (Misra Bhardwaj, 2014). Obesity among children increased from 4.9 to 6.6% in the period between 2004-2006 (Gupta, Shah, Nayyar, Misra, 2013). More people are shifting towards diet that is rich in hydrogenated fats and animal fats. Intake of fiber is low. Activity at the work place and at home and during leisure is much lower than before and reducing expenditure of energy is commonly seen (Popkin B. , 2006). Consumption of processed and fast food In a study that compared consumption of Western-style fast food between low-income and high-group study participants, the likelihood of people from high income groups were more likely to visit fast food restaurants. The people from low income groups were more likely to eat fast food sold by street vendors because it was more affordable. However, both groups understood the importance of home-cooked food in maintaining health (Aloia, et al., 2013). Rapid increases in overweight and obesity are being reported from developing countries s much as from developed countries. The reliance on processed foods, eating away from home, and increase in intake of edible oils and sweetened beverages has caused an increase of obesity globally. (Popkin, Adair, Ng, 2012). In a survey of medical students in an Indian town, it was found that most of them had stressful study routines and frequently consumed fast food and sugar sweetened beverages. 34.5% of the students were either overweight or obese with BMI ˃ 25. Intake of fruits and vegetables was lacking in the diets of more than 20% students and 60%students were unaware about the risks associated with the intake of fast foods (Shah, et al., 2014). Rapid urbanisation, migration of people from rural to urban areas, changing perceptions, higher number of working women, the convenience of processed foods has made a marked shift in the way Indians now consume food. Traditionally, consumption of fresh foods is rapidly shifting to processed, ready to eat meals. A higher number of younger Indians want to try novel foods and their perception of imported foods being better in quality has led to a transition in nutrition (Puttarathnamma, Prakash, Prabhavathi, 2015). Another study points at the preference of young Indians for fast food but they are aware of the fact that home cooked food is nutritionally superior (Goyal Singh, 2007). In a study on obesity and hypertension among adolescent school children in Gangtok, India, 2.04% subjects were found to be obese and 14.5% were overweight. Consumption of fast food, unhealthy snacks and sedentary habits were reasons for high percentage of the overweight children who came from high income fa milies (Kar Khandelwal, 2015). The fast food industry in India is expanding at the rate of 40% every year. The consumption of fast foods by adolescents is indeed alarming. In survey of 300 school going adolescents, it was found that 292 of them regularly visited fast food restaurants. The percentage of the obese and overweight was found to be 13.7 and 2.7, respectively. Most of them were lured by the television commercials and attractive packaging. They were aware of the harmful effects of consuming the high fat, high sugar foods. Children who did not eat fast foods said they did so due to parental advice, harmful effects on health and having fallen ill in the past due to fast food consumption. However, the children who reported eating fast foods had parental influence and fast food consumption was prevalent at home. About 48.3% fast food consumers among the students wanted to quit the habit because they were aware of the associated health hazards, they considered the foods will ca use weight gain, there was pressure from parents to quit and it resulted in waste of money (Joseph, et al., 2015). Big retailers and the food processing industry that sell attractively packaged, high sugar, fat and salt laden foods and raise sales through the television commercials occupy large sections of food shelves in supermarkets. On the other hand public health nutritionists try to raise awareness on the obesogenic environment created by bottled sugary drinks and unhealthy food that have threatened to become the staple diet of young and old alike. Imposition of higher taxes may help reduce sales and cause restricted expansion of retail outlets and create awareness about healthy eating. But this is diametrically opposite to the market economics that guides food processors. Retailers and policy makers are under attack by consumer groups for sale of healthier foodstuffs produced with an eye on green production practices and those that are sensitive to animal welfare. The giants in the food processing industry have also started the idea of contract farming that helps them obtain produce that co nforms to specifications required by the machine-oriented food production methods. On the one hand governments promote the food processing industry to increase food production, supply, industry and employment opportunities and on the other hand there is a need for policy framing and implementation to facilitate a battle against the growing incidence of diet-related non-communicable diseases that increase the health expenses on budgetary requirements. The need to increase investments in the food sector and the need to preserve health of people are at conflict with each other. Increasing food supply through industry is not enough, policy frameworks need space to include the health priorities of populations (Thow McGrady, 2014). Policy on sale of unhealthy food Production and sale of packaged snacks containing high levels of salt has increased the consumption to dangerous levels. 50-60% of edible salt, sugar and fat are used up by the food processing industry in India. The industry has received a massive backing from the government. The public health impact of consumption of the fried, high salt products is currently being overlooked. Just as governments in many governments around the world mull a tax on sugar sweetened beverages to discourage consumption, Indian policy makers also need to deal with the problem of excess consumption of salt, sugar and fat through packaged foods that include ready to eat meals, frozen foods including ice creams, biscuits and snacks (Brownell, et al., 2009). Another study estimates that a 20% tax on palm oil may reduce deaths due to myocardial infarction by 363,000 in the period between 2014-23. Although doing so may force people to shift to other edible oils which could add to food insecurity and continue to pose a health risk (Basu, et al., 2013). It is a tight rope walk for policy makers because taxes on unhealthy food stuffs have to be balanced with economics of food production and availability (Dasgupta, Pillai, Kumar, Arora, 2015). Benefits of vegetarianism Vegetarianism is a big aspect of nutrition in India. According. to the American Dietetic Association well planned vegetarian diets are not only nutritionally adequate but provide additional health benefits to people against chronic diseases(Singh, et al., 2014). In a study that analysed the prevalence of diabetes among vegetarians, lacto-vegetarians and lacto-ovo vegetarians, it was found that 30% lower incidence was observed (Agrawal, Millett, Dhillon, Subramanian, Ebrahim, 2014). Another study found significant cardiovascular health benefits derived from a vegetarian diet in four geographical locations of India (Shridhar, et al., 2014). Risk of type 2 diabetes was found to be lower in vegans, ovo-vegetarians, lacto-vegetarians, and pesco-vegetarians than non-vegetarians (Zaman, Zaman, Arifullah, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, the relative abundance of food has led to an increase in the consumption of sugar, fat, milk products and animal protein in India. The nutrition transition is more pronounced in urban India, where sedentary lifestyles have added to the growing numbers of obese people who are at a risk of type 2 diabetes. Consumption of fibre has touched a low because the growth in production of fruits and vegetables has not kept up with the requirements of cold storages, refrigeration and most of the produce is lost due to spoilage. Policies need to focus on better retail formats and protect produce with better post harvest technology. Food inflation post the 2008 rise in global food prices has affected the impoverished. The rise of malnutrition is a challenge for the authorities that is becoming difficult to solve. On the other hand the problems of overnutrition and lower than recommended consumption of micronutrients has given rise to problems associated with obesity and mineral defi ciencies. High BMIs and diabetes are the outcome of change in culture. From home-cooked food, people have quickly moved to the consumption of convenient, attractive and unhealthy packaged and processed foods. The government backing to the food processing industry has improved the economics of food production and marketing but the impact on public health has been poor. Policies are needed that raise awareness for consumption of healthy food on the one hand and levy taxes on unhealthy salt, sugar and fat laden food to discourage consumption on the other. The benefits of having a vegetarian population can be realised only when people learn to eat healthy and exercise. References Agrawal, P., Gupta, K., Mishra, V., Agrawal, S. (2013). Effects of sedentary lifestyle and dietary habits on body mass index change among adult women in India: findings from a follow-up study. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 52(5):387-406. Agrawal, S., Millett, C., Dhillon, P., Subramanian, S., Ebrahim, S. (2014). Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population. Journal of Nutrition, 13:89. Aloia, C., Gasevic, D., Yusuf, S., Teo, K., Chockalingam, A., Patro, B., . . . Lear, S. (2013). Differences in perceptions and fast food eating behaviours between Indians living in high- and low-income neighbourhoods of Chandigarh, India. Journal of Nutrition, 12:4. Basu, S., Babiarz, K., Ebrahim, S., Vellakkal, S., Stuckler, D., Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. (2013). Palm oil taxes and cardiovascular disease mortality in India: economic-epidemiologic model. BMJ, 347:f6048. Brownell, K., Farley, T., Willett, W., Popkin, B., Chaloupka, F., Thompson, J., Ludwig, D. (2009). The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(16):1599-605. Dasgupta, R., Pillai, R., Kumar, R., Arora, N. (2015). Sugar, Salt, Fat, and Chronic Disease Epidemic in India: Is There Need for Policy Interventions? Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 40(2): 7174. Goyal, A., Singh, N. (2007). Consumer perception about fast food in India: an exploratory study. British Food Journal, 109(2):182 - 195. Gupta, N., Shah, P., Nayyar, S., Misra, A. (2013). Childhood obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 80 Suppl 1:S28-37. Joseph, N., Nelliyanil, M., Rai, S., Raghavendra, B. Y., Ghosh, T., Singh, M. (2015). Fast Food Consumption Pattern and Its Association with Overweight Among High School Boys in Mangalore City of Southern India. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(5): LC13LC17. Kar, S., Khandelwal, B. (2015). Fast foods and physical inactivity are risk factors for obesity and hypertension among adolescent school children in east district of Sikkim, India. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 6(2): 356359. Kulkarni, V., Kulkarni, V., Gaiha, R. (2013, October 29). article5282374.ece. Retrieved from https://www.thehindu.com: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment/article5282374.ece Misra, A., Bhardwaj, S. (2014). Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries: focus on South Asians. Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series, 78:133-40. Mukherjee, A., Dutta, S., Goyal, T. (2015). Indias Phytonutrient Report. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. Popkin, B. (2006). Global nutrition dynamics - the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(2):289-98. Popkin, B., Adair, L., Ng, S. (2012). Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition Reviews, 70(1):3-21. Puttarathnamma, D., Prakash, J., Prabhavathi, S. (2015). Consumption Trends of Processed Foods among Rural. International Journal of Food and Nutrition Science, 2(6): 1- 6. Ramchandran, P. (2013). Food nutrition security: Challenges in the new millennium. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 138:373-382. Sachdeva, S., Sachdev, T., Sachdeva, R. (2013). Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Challenges and Opportunities. Indian Journl of Community Medicine, 38(4): 192197. Shah, T., Purohit, G., Nair, S., Patel, B., Rawal, Y., Shah, R. (2014). Assessment of Obesity, Overweight and Its Association with the Fast Food Consumption in Medical Students. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(5): CC05CC07. Shetty, P. (2002). Nutrition transition in India. Public Health Nutrition, 5(1A), 175182. Shridhar, K., Dhillon, P., Bowen, L., Kinra, S., Bharathi, A., Prabhakaran, D., . . . Ebrahim, S. (2014). The Association between a Vegetarian Diet and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors in India: The Indian Migration Study. PLoS, 9(10): e110586. Singh, A., Purohit, B. (2012). Physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity among Indian dental professionals. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9(4):563-70. Singh, P., Arthur, K., Orlich, M., James, W., Purty, A., Job, J., Sabate, J. (2014). Global epidemiology of obesity, vegetarian dietary patterns,and noncommunicable disease in Asian Indians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100 Suppl 1:359S-64S. Thow, A., McGrady, B. (2014). Protecting policy space for public health nutrition in an era of international investment agreements. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 92(2): 139145. Zaman, G., Zaman, F., Arifullah, M. (2010). Comparative Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 35(3): 441442.
Sunday, March 22, 2020
IN The Ancient City Of London, On A Certain Autumn Day In The Second Q
IN the ancient city of London, on a certain autumn day in the second quarter of the sixteenth century, a boy was born to a poor family of the name of Canty, who did not want him. On the same day another English child was born to a rich family of the name of Tudor, who did want him. All England wanted him too. England had so longed for him, and hoped for him, and prayed God for him, that, now that he was really come, the people went nearly mad for joy. Mere acquaintances hugged and kissed each other and cried. Everybody took a holiday, and high and low, rich and poor, feasted and danced and sang, and got very mellow; and they kept this up for days and nights together. By day, London was a sight to see, with gay banners waving from every balcony and housetop, and splendid pageants marching along. By night, it was again a sight to see, with its great bonfires at every corner, and its troops of revelers making merry around them. There was no talk in all England but of the new baby, Edwar d Tudor, Prince of Wales, who lay lapped in silks and satins, unconscious of all this fuss, and not knowing that great lords and ladies were tending him and watching over him- and not caring, either. But there was no talk about the other baby, Tom Canty, lapped in his poor rags, except among the family of paupers whom he had just come to to talk.
Friday, March 6, 2020
SSD Case Backlog Causes Delays in Benefits
SSD Case Backlog Causes Delays in Benefits SSD Case Backlog Continues to Cause Delays A woman from New York was initially denied SSD benefits in 2012, and once her appeal was granted five years later, the battle was far from over. The SSA continued to give her the runaround regarding the benefits checks she desperately needed. This example makes the case for how important it is to partner with an experienced and skilled SSD lawyer from the beginning.The woman owned a private practice as a social worker, but her diseases took a severe toll on her daily activities. She suffers from chronic migraines, visual impairments and other illnesses that made it incredibly difficult to work, forcing her to stop.When her Medicaid and Medicare coverage lapsed, she was forced to pay out-of-pocket for medical treatment, while she no longer was working. She applied for Social Security Disability in order to help her with her necessary medical treatments.The Negative Effects of the Backlog Unfortunately, she was denied benefits in 2012, and had to wait five long years to have a hearing with a judge. Due to the backlog of cases, she had a video conference with a judge in Iowa. A video conference is not an ideal situation to have for someone with disabilities to accurately display evidence.The backlog of SSD cases is a serious issue.  As we stated in a recent blog, more than 9,000 people died waiting for SSD hearings in 2016.From 2010-2018, the SSA closed 67 offices and reduced their operating budget by 9%, all while the number of beneficiaries has risen. All remaining offices now experience increased wait times and excessive telephone hold times. These service reductions cause long delays for appeal decisions.The SSA was awarded a $40 million dollar increase in their operating budget for 2019, in the hopes of reducing backlogs and wait times.Why You Need an Experienced SSD Lawyer In the end, she was awarded benefits from the judge. But this exhausting fight was not over, as she should have received her check seven months ago, but was still getting the runaround from the SSA, and did not get straight answers about her check.Eventually, a news advocacy team helped come to the bottom of the situation and she received her check. Yet, if an attorney with experience in complex SSD appeals- like those at Disability Attorneys of Michigan- had been able to advocate for her, such intervention may not have been necessary.This is why it is critically important to partner with an experienced and skilled team of Social Security Disability lawyers from the beginning, who can guide clients through the process and help clients obtain benefits. Skilled lawyers know the ins and outs of SSD and how to best serve clients, whether helping fill out an application or skillfully representing clients in an appeal hearing.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receiv e could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the Social Security Disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or cognitive impairment, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s experienced Social Security Disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Michigan Social Security Disability Lawyer, Social Security Disability, Social Security Disability Backlog, Social Security Disability Benefits, Social Security Disability Lawyer
Tuesday, February 18, 2020
Experiencing Long-term Care, Rehabilitation & Recovery (BSc Adult Essay
Experiencing Long-term Care, Rehabilitation & Recovery (BSc Adult Nursing) - Essay Example The study focuses on two themes that are important to understand long term conditions and long term care. These themes are; self care/self support and supported care management. Self care/ self support involves persons with long term conditions managing their own care plans without much help from others for instance nurses and other professionals. This concept is known as â€Å"expert patient†and it is based on the premise that the person with the condition or disease understands it better than health care professionals. These patients have more knowledge about their conditions and have therefore learned ways of managing them. The patients undertake programs which provide information, resources and ways of developing relationships with healthcare bodies. This approach has demonstrated benefits for patients because they possess more knowledge of their conditions, ensures participation in decision making and get involved in the symptoms management processes. Although the concept of â€Å"expert patient†has its advantages, we must always be mindful of leaving some patients feeling abandoned and neglected when they are not able to manage skills and information they have been provided with. It is therefore advisable for patients to enroll in the supported care where nurses and other professionals are able to take care of both their personal and health needs. This is the reason that there must be a partnership with the patients, nurses and other professionals. The second half of the twentieth century brought a realization that due to the increase in numbers of people living with long term conditions (LTC), health care needed to be improved with an emphasis on patients being empowered to become decision makers in their care (Margerson, 2010). In the case scenario of Angela, the study concludes that she should focus more on supported care management where professionals with vast knowledge will assist
Monday, February 3, 2020
Civilizing savages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Civilizing savages - Essay Example Like all the groups that will be discussed, the British behaved in culturally and an ethnically superior way to all native inhabitants; viewing them only as a source of trade and/or an obstacle in acquiring more land. Of all the colonizers, the French perhaps treated the Natives with more of a modicum of respect than did the Spanish or the British. This is not to say that they viewed them as their equals; they most certainly did not; however, the subjugation of the native population and forced removal of their lands was at least not a primary policy as it relates to the French. This determination can be seen by the money, time, effort, and lives expended by way of the Jesuit missionaries working to convert those tribes under French influence in and around Montreal and Quebec. As it relates to the Spanish, there existed a desire to convert the â€Å"saves†under their influence to Catholicism; however, it appears as if the first instinct was to utterly crush and decimate the po pulation before such efforts were attempting. To this end, entire civilizations were rendered defenseless as large numbers of the male population were massacred/maimed and others forced into bondage. Conversely, the final group that will be discussed is that of the Pennsylvania settlers. Although they were far from perfect, this multi-ethnic group composed of Dutch, Irish, English, Scotch, and French settlers established a settlement that no doubt took first prize with regards to its overall treatment of the native population.
Sunday, January 26, 2020
Is Quantitative Easing useful to Stimulate the UK economy
Is Quantitative Easing useful to Stimulate the UK economy Abstract After the global financial crisis took place in late 2008, quantitative easing started to be considered as a potential solution to the recession all over the world. Usually, governments used to regulate key interest rates to achieve the goal of modifying underperforming economics, but this no longer seems to be competent because interest rate cutting may not be a sufficient measure to bring the world economy back on track. Therefore, quantitative easing policy is adopted to adjust the circulation of money in the economy. The project sets out to analyze whether the quantitative easing policy is suitable for the economic situation in the UK. The conclusion drawn by this essay is that quantitative easing policy is not a proper solution to UKs economy and that more attention should be paid concerning its implementation in this systematically incomplete situation. Contents Abstract 3 Contents 4 List of Figures 5 Introduction 1 1.Quantitative Easing Policy in the U.K. 2 2.Disadvantages of Quantitative Easing 3 3.Advantages of Quantitative Easing 7 4.Argument 10 5.Evidences 12 Conclusion 16 References 17 List of Figures Figure 1: UK Money multiplier 5 Figure 2: The Trend of GBP/USD Since 2005 6 Figure 3: UK 10-year Government Bond Yield (%) 14 Figure 4: Growth rate of M4 from Bank of England 15 Introduction Quantitative easing (QE) designates an application of monetary policy used to stimulate the economy. In other words, quantitative easing can be defined as an economic policy that uses an expansion of the money supply to purchase assets (Meier 2009). Normally, the central bank of a country provides extra capital to ease pressure on banks by putting huge amount of money into markets to buy back bonds or gilts either from banks or commercial sectors. Quantitative easing offers two possible benefits. First, the volume of lending of banks will increase as banks have more cash in exchange for bonds or gilts with the government. The other benefit is that diminishing the supply of gilts will increase the price of gilts. Consequently, the gilt yields decrease, and further, long-term interest rate for overdraft and some mortgage decreases as well (Elliott 2009). In 2009 March, the UK government announced a plan that the government would implement quantitative easing and set the bank rate at 0.5% in order to meet the inflation target of 2% and would stimulate the economy by increasing spending. Mitigation of the bank rate can greatly stimulate the economy. If the rate further approaches zero reduction, it may be less effective. Besides, injecting more money directly into the market by purchasing assets can also boost the economy. Moreover, Krugman (1998) states that the money supply is not the only factor that contributes to long-term inflation. However, others argue that monetary oversupply will lead to high inflation and countries will fall into a financial trap. The aim of this essay is to demonstrate opinions based on the current literature encompassing both sides of the subject, to enrich it with its momentary effects on the British economy and then finally to give an assessment of the subject. Quantitative Easing Policy in the U.K. During the economic recession in 2008, UK interest rates were at the lowest level (0.5%) in the Bank of Englands 315-year history. The reason why the Bank conducted a series of interest rate cuts was that it aimed to encourage the commercial banks to lend again. However, the aim was not achieved. Even though the interest rate was quite low, the economy remained stagnant and the consumer spending remained flat. The British government decided to apply the same policy to drag them out of the recession. The first plan was announced in March 2009, stating that  £75bn would be made available to purchase government bonds and corporate debt during the following three months in order to provide liquidity in the economy. This raised the concern about the consequence of quantitative easing in the U.K. The argument can be generally divided into two divisions. One division believes that printing money will lead to high inflation in years to come, while the other argues that the economic situation is more likely to follow the example of Japan in the 1990s. It is evident that both arguments have reasonable points. Nevertheless, according to the data obtained, UK will probably suffer from inflation in years to come. Firstly, in theory, quantitative easing itself is an aggressive policy due to the fact that it increases the size of the money base in the economy and a large money base is usually regarded as the cause of inflation. However, some economists argue that the policy is not simply printing money. Germany and Zimbabwe did in the 1920s (BBC), it still considerably increases the central banks balance sheet and the monetary base. In addition, there is not a standard to assess the accurate and appropriate amount of money to be injected into the market and hence it is highly difficult to decide the amount of quantitative easing, and if the amount decided is larger than the market actually needs, high inflation may inevitably occur. As is indicated by Jason Simpson from the Royal Bank of Scotland (BBC), inflation is considerably stronger than the bank had expected and there are concerns that it wont get back within target if QE continued. Secondly, in reality, as is measured by the Office of National Statistics, there is currently an upward pressure on CPI (Consumer Price Index) (an index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer) annual inflation. The CPI annual inflation was 3.4 percent in March 2010, which is far beyond the initial aim of quantitative easing policy-to increase the inflation rate to 2 percent. In February, the rate was 3 percent, while Europes inflation rate as a whole was only 1.4 percent (Office of National Statistics 2010). Considering these issues, there is no evidence to demonstrate that the rapid increase in the CPI annual inflation rate is not a consequence of quantitative easing policy. Disadvantages of Quantitative Easing It seems that conducting Quantitative Easing policy by raising the monetary base in the United Kingdom can effectively stimulate the investment market and help recover the economy. Generally, one of the basic formulas of monetary policy is MV=PQ (M is the stock of broad money, V is the velocity of circulation, P is the aggregate price level of commodities, and Q is the economic quantity) and we usually assume M as a multiple of the monetary base as well (Ellis 2009 and Haung 2009). On the base of QE, policy-makers expect to enlarge the nominal spending (PQ) in UK economy. However, several potential problems still exist and there are uncertainties behind this policy. First of all, there is a distinct possibility of exam deflation becoming a consequence (Haung 2008). Adopting quantitative easing during recent financial crisis should cause a significant rise in P; in other words, the increase of M and decrease in Q will lead to a climbing in P theoretically. At the same time, nonetheless, V plunges because of the credit risk which indicates that banks have no money for lending or that they are reluctant to lend money to borrowers; therefore, it leads to a drop of P as well (Haung 2008). As a whole, the future price is decided by the rate of money which depends on peoples confidence. If people have strong tendency toward saving or banks are still afraid of lending money to investors, the monetary velocity will not improve after recession. And this may cause deflation. For example, the Japanese government carried on a quantitative easing program after the recession in 90s, while their perspective on saving let people become more risk-averse and unwil ling to invest. Hence, Japan faced with a serious deflation and lower exchange rate which did not promote the general social situation. Furthermore, Ellis (2009) put forward the idea that a high unemployment rate and the chance of deflation forces people to shift their demand from increasing expense and investment to saving. On the other hand, it may lead to severe inflation (Bullard 2010). Bullard, the president and the CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, argued that if government does not control the monetary velocity well after the implement of the quantitative easing policy, the increase in money supply will result in an undesirably large acceleration of credit and then an undesirably large increase in inflation. Consequently, it is difficult to deliberate and predict the extent of quantitative easing which may incur deflation or inflation easily (Bullard 2010). Second, it is unsure that this extra money will be used by businesses and households (Ellis 2009). In figure 1, Ellis (2009) illustrated that the money multiplier (Money multiplier is the relationship between broad money as well as money base) reduced considerably during last few years which may not reach the fixed goal of quantitative easing, although the Bank of England believed that a large increase in demand will come along through only a small rise in the supply of money (Ellis 2009). Source from: Bank of England and Elliss calculations Figure 1: UK Money multiplier He also claimed that banks using new money to purchase new financial assets may have less influence on increasing broad money; in contrast, those banks tended to restructure their financial foundation and then they were reluctant to lend money after boosting their investment activity. As a result, quantitative easing policy may not indeed generate predicted commercial and domestic spending. Finally, the increase of money supply may result from foreign investors because of the weaker sterling and the arbitrage on financial assets (Ellis 2009). Figure 2 shows the variation of the exchange rate (The vertical illustrates the value of the British Pound against the US dollar). Source from: Reuters UK, April, 2010. Figure 2: The Trend of GBP/USD Since 2005 Sterling has become weaker since the sub-prime crisis in 2008. In other words, investors may be more willing to hold cash by selling their new financial assets. It is because that when banks invest more financial securities with new money, those stock prices will go up slightly and offer an opportunity for earning a short term advantage (Ellis 2009). Moreover, Ellis (2009) demonstrated that foreign investors will have the tendency to sell the securities in order to transfer to the alternative currencies if sterling is still relative weak. Thus, a great money supply indeed boosts the UK economy; nevertheless, it is not mainly from the higher households and business activities spending. Instead, it may come from the spending by foreigners who earn new cash from securities as well as from the weaker sterling. Advantages of Quantitative Easing According to Orphanides and Wieland (2000), central banks normally prefer to use an interest rate rather than a monetary quantity as operating target. Interest rates are considered much easier to observe and to control on a continuous basis than monetary policy. However, when the interest rate is in a near-zero level, the quantity of base money remains available as a tool for gauging the extent of monetary easing. The way to do this is for the central bank to buy assets in exchange for money. In theory, any assets can be bought from anybody. In practice, the focus of quantitative easing is on buying securities, such as government debt, mortgage-backed securities or even equities from banks. Firstly, the bank creates new money electronically in its accounts. Then the bank buys bonds (companies IOUs) and gilts (Government IOUs) from commercial banks. The value of the bonds and gilts bought is now credited to banks that sold them. The commercial banks can make new loans against the increased funding. Extra lending boosts cash and credit flowing in the economy. Extra demand for bonds and gilts from the bank drives down interest rates for business and consumer borrowers. As a result, flows of extra and cheaper money stimulate growth. There are some possible effects of quantitative easing according to the macroeconomic theory. Firstly, in theory, it could reduce cost of capital of the whole economy by bringing down the interest rate (Pankiw 2009). As through QE, the Bank of England (BoE) will lower the government yield as buying government bond from non-bank sector. Thus investors could prefer riskier investment elsewhere in order to get higher return, such as corporate bonds, loans, commercial paper and equities. As a result, the yields on these assets would also be expected to fall. Secondly, QE is able to improve the capital positions of banks (Pankiw 2009). Whatever money does not go into either financial or real economic investment will find its way into deposits at commercial banks. This should help improve banks funding positions and, in theory, make them more comfortable with devoting capital to lending. Furthermore, it is evidenced that QE can stimulate growth in the money supply to the real economy (Pankiw 2009). As Treasuries start lending to the non-financial corporate sector, confidence becomes stable. By pumping into the real economy, the money created through QE is considered to be able to drive the economic recovery forward. In addition, it is argued that monetary policies could have additional effects on the economy, via so-called credit channel, because interest-rate decisions affect the cost and availability of credit (Iordache 2009). The credit channel contains the balance-sheet channel and the bank-lending channel (Bernanke and Gertler 1995). According to the Pure Expectations Theory, it asserts that the forward rates exclusively represent the expected future rates which mean that the entire term structure reflects the markets expectations of future short-term rates. As it experiences an upward slope of yield curve currently, investors are pricing an increasing level of inflation and subsequently a change in Feds monetary policy (Iordache 2009). As known in theory, the central bank should continue expanding its balance sheet to eventually reduce the yield. Therefore the low level of the interest rates at the moment and the QE program will pick up the economy by strengthening the consumer spending. A s the expectation improved, it will increase the aggregate demand and then reduce the unemployment rate. Finally, the increase in asset price boosts the wealth and improves the balance sheet. It is reported that Quantitative Easing helps to work around the blockage created by a banking system that is still undergoing a process of balance sheet repair (Bean 2009). Argument Even though implementing quantitative easing provides numerous advantages to the economy, its safety is far from certain. Despite providing benefits, this monetary policy can sometimes have side-effects, such as high inflation or deflation as mentioned above. Quantitative easing is not always coming alone with advantages. For instance, some people assert that cost of capital can be decreased through low long-term interest rate. Yet, it is also argued that the attempt of reduction of long-term interest rate will only be effective under certain circumstances (Bernanke and Reinhart 2004). In U.S experience, it is unlikely to have significant impact on risk premiums if it only alters relative assets, because assets are close substitutes (Reinhart and Sack 2000). Therefore, the cost of capital will be lower only if investors expectation of future values of the policy rate is consistent with the target prices of assets (Bernanke and Reinhart 2004). Furthermore, Eggertston and Woodfords (2003) model demonstrates that long-term interest rate will not be affected by the purchase of long-term securities if investors do not change anticipation about future interest rate levels. Furthermore, the Guardian (2009) also points out that one of possible scenarios is that investors dump gilts, which increases long-term interest rate and gives burdens to fixed-interest mortgage and company loan. Consequently, it is reasonable to refer that quantitative easing is not always effective on giving low cost of capital. In addition, it is pointed out that the utility of central banks monetary policy will maximise if the policies are coordinated with central governments financial department. This is due to the fact that it has to be ensured that changes in debt-management policy will not contradict to the attempts of central banks to affect the relative supplies of securities (Bernanke and Reinhart 2004). Besides, it is also believed that quantitative easing enables bank to lend more. However, according to an empirical research of Kobayashi et al. (2006), the overall bank lending was decreasing during the period of quantitative easing in Japan. Thus, the accuracy of the statement is uncertain. Evidences Usually, central banks tend to cut down interest rates in order to encourage households to spend more money. However, once interest rates levels cannot go lower, the injection of money directly in the economy is the only remaining alternative. The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) had to decide a monetary policy in accordance with the government inflation target which has been fixed at 2% in Great Britain. The supply of money has been then considered as a necessity to sustain the general economic growth while, however, avoiding an excess of it to avoid hyperinflation. After lowering again the interest rate to 0.5%, its lowest level since the creation of the Central Bank, the Bank of England started the quantitative easing program. This procedure, which was launched in March 2009, has been extended to reach in February 2010 an amount  £200 billion, to pull the UK out of the recession. With the permission of the Treasury, the Bank of England purchased  £200 billion of assets from which  £197.275 million was spent on UK bonds and the rest on corporate papers. Some on the MPC including the banks chief economist, Spencer Dale, and one of the external members, Andrew Sentance have signalled their belief that it is now time for the bank to adopt a wait-and-see approach to QE (Oxlade, 2010). The Bank of Englands efforts have worked in as much as they have very probably pushed down yields on gilts below where they would otherwise be. That has helped reduce the broad cost of borrowing. Yields on ten-year gilts dropped to 3% earlier in the year but have more recently climbed close to 4% and stabilised around this level (Figure 3 on page 14). The increase of the price of bonds reduces their yield, and in effect the interest rate. As interest rates across the economy are set in relation to gilt yields, quantitative easing can act as an extra lever pushing down borrowing costs. But there is a longer term danger by speculating about the debt markets. The government risks creating a bubble in bonds, which will break in a few years time once the economy will recover, building up interest rates and making the governments massive debt concern extremely costly to service (Oxlade, 2010). Source from Bank of England Figure 3: UK 10-year Government Bond Yield (%) However, the aim was also to get credit flowing again in the broad economy and then to launch spending in the British economy. From this point of view, the success of this policy tends to be limited. The money supply in the UK economy is considered as being the best measure of success. The Bank of England measures this as M4 (Figure 4 on page 15). This figure shows some improvements but only marginal and only in the last few months, concerning the 3 months annualised growth rate. However, the general trend of the M4 aggregate reminds downward trend. Source from Bank of England Figure 4: Growth rate of M4 from Bank of England The huge concern is that banks and insurers, rather than letting the conceeded money flow into the economy, prefer to credit it away to help improve their balance sheets and then financial solvency, particularly given that a second economic crash is still possible in this difficult context depicted by weak levels of the global economy financial aggregates. The largest danger is the creation of inflation. One of the QE program aims is to stop the UK falling into a deflationary trend. The injection of money in the economy creates inflation. To increase inflation to a certain level would be a good thing, a lot would be very dangerous, especially if the economy fails to recover and then fall in a stagflation period which could destroy a part of the countrys wealth. A bit of inflation would be helpful in reducing the cost of debts, particularly because Britain faces a record consumer debt of more than  £1.4 trillion and a national debt of officially  £825 billion (more than  £2.2 trillion once all liabilities are taken into account) (Seager, 2010 and Bank of England, 2010). Indeed, rising prices will make debts smaller. Legendary Warren Buffett has raised concerns that policy-makers may become addicted to creating inflation as a way of combating their debt problems (Lowery, 2010). Members of the MPC have signalled the halt of the quantitative easing program but could -and we consider have great chances- resume it when they consider that it is necessary. In this case, it still unclear whether the Bank will continue buying gilts or shift to buy corporate bonds, which may have a more immediate effect. However, such a decision could increase tensions between the bank and the treasury buying gilts makes it cheaper for the government to borrow money, which is crucial at a time when the volume of public debt is extremly high. If the economy continues to struggle to reach a confortable level of recovery, more QE could be expected and even become a permanent component in the U.K. It is important to consider that since QE effects are pretty much untested it is unclear what other side-effects may be caused. Conclusion By making comparison between the advantages and the disadvantages of QE, it can be concluded that QE is not suited to the situation in the UK at present. Although the economic situation after undertaking quantitative easing policy in the U.K. has been stabilised temporarily at least, as discussed earlier, the appropriate time length and money injection volume are uncertain. Moreover, according to the new statements issued in Britain, the bank is phasing out the policy. Hence, it is clear that it has been realized the quantitative easing, as an aggressive policy, can cause a high risk of inflation years to come. In conclusion, the negative impacts of conducting quantitative easing in the U.K. far outweigh its economic benefits. Although quantitative easing boosts the economy by reducing capital cost and improving monetary currency, it still needs deliberate control by relative departments such as the Central Bank and The Treasury. Otherwise, it may result in high inflation or deflation, even cause asset bubbles and depreciation of sterling. Quantitative easing has been considered as being the last resort solution to stimulate the economy and to kick-start growth after the systemic failure endured by the global economy. In the short term this measure certainly increases investors confidence but in the long term structural deficiencies of Britain, especially on the domestic credit market, it will fail to promote real financial stability. As a whole, quantitative easing policy is not proper to the U.K. and more attention should be paid concerning its implementation in this systematically defici ent context.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Au Bon Pain Case Study Essay
Business Strategy: Au Bon Pain (ABP) is an upscale French Bakery chain restaurant that competes with other fast food restaurants. They would like to go from a â€Å"Cycle of Failure†to differentiating themselves from their competitors by improving their customer experience. Alignment: Au Bon Pain wanted to differentiate themselves from other fast food chains by increasing the customer experience so that there would be more repeat customers and a consistent income stream. This meant improving relationships with customers which would increase if they had positive experiences and name recognition by staff. ABP had to decrease turnover of staff and increase autonomy at local stores to create the experience that they wanted for their customers. They did this by creating the Partner/Manager Program, which created Partner Managers at stores who were more autonomous in the day-to-day decision-making, and in turn, shared in profits. The program meant that Partner Managers now shared in 35% of the profits, Assistants shared in 15% of the profits, which was a significant increase in the reward/compensation structure at the company. By changing the reward structure, PM and Assistant Managers took on more responsibility for their individual store which changed their role to include things like ordering, staffing, and store aesthetics. During the trial of the Partner/Manager program, the two stores that volunteered to participate both had managers from different backgrounds who were very driven, independent, and creative. ABP central management hoped that a program like the Partner/Manager Program would help them to recruit more staff that espoused these characteristics, which they viewed as vital to their success and growth. Application: ABP changed the reward structure to increase productivity. This is consistent with the Expectancy Theory in which employees figure in Expectancy (the belief that effort will lead to results, in this case increased compensation), Instrumentality (the belief that a desired outcome will come from performance, in this case increased store profits will lead to increased personal compensation), and valence (the outcome, in this case increased compensation). The effort of the PM and Assistant Managers increased because their expectation of compensation was directly related to the profits of the store, which meant that the desired outcome of the company and employees were aligned and profits increased. The profit-sharing compensation method used by ABP is similar to the method that Whole Foods uses. The difference is that ABP only involves the Partner/Manager and Assistant Manager in profit sharing while Whole Foods shares profits with all employees through their â€Å"Gainsharing†Program. While at ABP the Partner/Manager Program increases the dedication, productivity, and hopefully decreases turnover of those involved in profit-sharing, it does not do anything for the hourly employees who have a high turnover rate and are the ones that actually have the direct customer interaction at the registers, cleaning the stores, and making the food. This could lead to problems for ABP since the hourly employees are directly related to the consumer experience that the ABP is trying to improve, and this program does not address them. Exhibit: Roles: With the introduction of the Partner-Manager Program, Au Bon Pain looked to transform the roles of District Manager, create a Partner Manager and Assistant Manager who shared in the profits, and increase autonomy in each store. In the old system, the District Managers micromanaged their stores, but in the new system they were given more stores and had to focus on the big.
Friday, January 10, 2020
Case Brief on Arizona versus Hicks
Case Brief: Arizona v. Hicks The bullet was fired through the defendant’s apartment floor and went in to the apartment below and hit an individual who then called the police. Police responded to the incident and went first to the apartment where the bullet entered. The defendant, Hicks, was not in the apartment at the time, but the officers found and seized three guns and a stocking-cap mask, which were both plain sight. One of the officers saw two sets of stereo equipment that looked like they didn‘t belong there.The officer moved two turntables of the top of the equipment; the officer recorded their serial numbers and found them to be property stolen in a recent armed robbery. Mr. Hicks was found and charged with multiple crimes, released, and now the state appeals. The prosecution argued that since there were exigent circumstances to search the defendant’s home, any evidence found in â€Å"â€Å"plain sight††was seized legally. The defense contes ted the validity of the search, claiming that the search of the stereo equipment was unwarranted based on its appearance alone and violated the defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights.The defendant is found guilty of the initial charges, but all evidence relating to the robbery charges is ruled fruit of an unlawful search by the state trial court and the Arizona Court of Appeals. When the Arizona Supreme Court denied review, the United States Supreme Court accepted the State’s request for a hearing. The Supreme Court first ruled that the warrantless entry by the officers, under the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement, was valid. The court then ruled that the recording of the equipment’s serial numbers did not constitute a search or seizure.However, when the officer moved the turntable it was held to be a separate search, apart from the search for the defendant and his firearms. It was the court’s ruling that the officer did not have pro bable cause, only reasonable suspicion to search the stereo equipment. The evidence seized after the discovery of the turntables constituted unlawful search. The lower court’s decision was affirmed. Work Cited http://www. casebriefs. com/blog/law/criminal-procedure/criminal-procedure-keyed-to-weinreb/the-fourth-amendment-arrest-and-search-and-seizure/arizona-v-hicks
Thursday, January 2, 2020
An Analysis Of The Song Roar And Breaking Free By...
The Role of Figurative Language in Poetry There are many ways in which one can analyze poems with similarities in subject. However, one of the most effective ways is to analyze the poems use of imagery and figurative language that the author uses to dramatize their subject matter. Three poems which can easily be compared through this method are the songs Roar by Katy Perry, Stronger by Kelly Clarkson, and the poem Breaking Free by Angela Wybrow. These three poems all share a similar topic, which is inner strength. Through this topic, the authors use figurative language and other poetic elements to create a work which centers around the theme of finding inner strength to move on from the pain and hardships caused by people in their life, and to move on and live the life that makes them happy. The first song, Roar, relies heavily on figurative language to deliver its message. The three main types of figurative language the song uses includes Simile, Hyperbole, and Metaphor. The type o f figurative language that makes up the largest part of the song is Metaphor. These lines really tell the overall story of this song, which is about someone overcoming the struggles and abuse they have faced in their situation and becoming their own champion and hero. To illustrate, each choir in the song includes the same words; â€Å"I got the eye of the tiger, a fighter, dancing through the fire Cause I am a champion and you’re gonna hear me roar Louder, louder than a lion Cause I am a
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